In vitro dose–response of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde and interaction of combinations for the antimicrobial activity against the pig gut flora

In vitro simulations of the gastric and small intestinal fermentation with varying doses of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde and binary combinations thereof were carried out to calculate dose–response equations for the antimicrobial effect against the main pig gut flora components. Interaction effects were evaluated following the isobole method. In gastric simulations eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde showed clearly less inhibitory activity towards lactobacilli than carvacrol and thymol, which could also be observed in the small intestinal simulations. The minimum concentration for carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde in small intestinal simulations to reduce the number of total anaerobic bacteria compared to control with a probability of 99.7% was 255, 258, 223 and 56 mg/l respectively. This strong activity of trans-cinnamaldehyde was due to its effect against coliform bacteria; a dose of 104 mg/l gave a reduction of 1 log CFU/ml vs. 371, 400 and 565 mg/l for carvacrol, thymol and eugenol respectively. Few combinations demonstrated synergism; most mixtures showed zero interaction or antagonism. Only carvacrol + thymol was slightly synergistic.     

甘肃禾本科饲用植物资源研究

甘肃省生态环境复杂,植物种类多样,禾本科饲用植物资源丰富.为此对甘肃禾本科饲用植物的地理分布、属种组成、区系成分及饲用价值等进行了分析研究,并对其利用保护提出了一些建议.     

Effect of Fermented Corn Stalks on Growth Performance and the Growth Promotion Mechanism in Otter Rabbit

This experiment was conducted to research the growth promoting effects of fermented corn stalks with compound bacteria on otter rabbit. The daily feed of otter rabbit was based on fermented corn stalks (roughage ration composed mostly of fermented corn stalks). The growth performance, intestinal tract bacteria and the digestive enzyme activities of otter rabbit were studied. A total of 150 health otter rabbits, 9 weeks old, weighted about (1.90±0.14) kg, were allotted to 2 groups (control group and experimental group) for 10 days preliminary trial period and 30 days trial period. The results were as follows:Compared with control group, the average daily gain (ADG) increased by 14.60% (P<0.05) and F/G decreased by 10.50% (P<0.05) of the experimental group; In intestinal tract of otter rabbit, the number of E.coli were reduced by 46.13% (P<0.01), the number of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria and Bacillus increased by 30.64% (P<0.05), 29.27% (P>0.05) and 39.23% (P<0.01),respectively; The activities of protease, amylase, cellulose enzyme and glucanase were increased by 23.20%(P<0.05), 32.96% (P<0.05), 12.63% (P<0.01) and 21.09% (P<0.05), respectively. In conclusion, the fermented corn stalks could promote the growth and improve the intestinal tract ecological environment of the otter rabbit. The results established the theoretical foundation for fermented corn stalks feeding on otter rabbit.     

Effect of Soybean Meal Replaced by Brewer's Grain or Fermented Brewer's Grain on Growth Performance,Immune Organ Index and Intestinal Flora of Meat Geese

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soybean meal replaced by brewer's grain (BSG) or fermented brewer's grain (FBSG) on growth performance,immune organ index and intestinal flora of meat geese.A total of 250 geese at 28 days of age were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 5 replicates per group and 10 geese per replicate.The geese in control group were fed a basal diet (with soybean);The geese in groups 1 and 2 were fed the basal diet with the 10% and 20% BSG replacing the soybean,respectively;The geese in groups 3 and 4 were fed the basal diet with the 10% and 20% FBSG replacing the soybean,respectively.The whole experiment period was 42 days,including three phases:15 d (early stage),14 d (middle stage) and 14 d (later stage).The results showed as follows:①From the whole experiment period,compared with control group,the ADG of geese in group 1 was significantly increased (P<0.05),the ADG and ADFI of geese in group 4 were significantly decreased (P<0.05),there were no obvious change in growth performance of geese in groups 2 and 3 (P>0.05).② Compared with control group,the thymus index and spleen index of geese in groups 1,2 and 3 were extremely significantly increased at early stage (P<0.01);At middle and later stages,the spleen index of geese in group 2 were significantly and extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01);There were no significant differences in bursa of fabricius index of geese among all groups (P>0.05).③ Compared with control group,the number of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in cecum in groups 1 and 2 were extremely significantly decreased at early and later stages (P<0.01),while the number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus were increased in different degrees;the number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus in cecum in groups 3 and 4 were extremely significantly increased at later stage (P<0.01).In conclusion,10% BSG replacing soybean in the basal diet could improve the growth performance and intestinal flora of meat geese;10% FBSG replacing soybean in the basal diet could promote the growth of beneficial bacteria of meat geese,but had no effect on growth performance;While 20% replacing soybean in the basal diet could decrease the feed intake and weight gain of meat geese,hinder its growth and development.     

健康猫被毛真菌菌相

定量检测了４０只临床健康猫的被毛真菌菌相,从３１只猫被毛上共分离出１１个属１７５株真菌,主要为交链孢霉属、芽枝孢霉属、犬小孢子菌和曲霉属等。皮肤病病原菌２个属３个种,包括犬小孢子菌、红色毛癣菌和石膏样毛癣菌。     

Effects of oral administration of Spirulina platensis and probiotics on serum immunity indexes,colonic immune factors,fecal odor,and fecal flora in mice

To evaluate the effects of Spirulina platensis and probiotics on growth, immunity indexes, fecal flora, and fecal odor in mice, 40 mice were randomly allotted to four groups, and each was administrated with nothing, S. platensis, probiotics, or both for 28 days, respectively. Then, many indexes were measured. The results showed that S. platensis was more effective (P < 0.001) than probiotics in improving mice's feed conversion ration (FCR). In immunity, probiotics administration increased (P < 0.042) serum IgE, IgM, IFN-γ, colonic AHR, TLR4, and NF-κB protein expression and decreased (P < 0.039) serum IL-1α, IL-21, IL-22, and colonic ARNT gene expression. However, the S. platensis showed weaker effect, which increased (P < 0.025) the serum IgE, IgM, TNF-α, and the colonic AHR and NF-κB protein expression, and decreased (P < 0.01) serum IL-21. Probiotics consumption decreased the fecal odor by decreasing (P < 0.02) fecal Escherichia coli, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and skatole contents, and the S. platensis decreased (P = 0.04) the IAA. These results indicated that oral administration of probiotics, S. platensis, or both of them in mice probably benefited body's immunity and reduced fecal odor. However, their mechanisms were still unclear and need further study.     

浑善达克沙地植物区系分析

通过对浑善达克沙地植物区系资源的组成、植物科的多样性、生活型、生态型、以及沙生植物多样性及其分布特征分析,得出该区植物种类的多样性较高,科的优势现象十分明显,植物种趋向集中分布于大科和较大科;该区植物的生活型以多年生草本植物占绝对优势,表现出草原植物群落种类组成特点,存在大量隐域性生境和沙地等特殊景观,乔木和灌木种类较典型草原多;中生植物在该区占有相当大的比例,体现了该区地理位置和地理环境的特殊性。     

参金止痢口服液对腹泻哺乳仔猪肠道微生物菌群影响的差异性分析

研究参金止痢口服液对腹泻哺乳仔猪肠道微生物菌群的影响。选取同等饲养条件下7~15日龄体重相近的“杜×长×大”三元杂交仔猪共计9头,其中有腹泻症状的6头将其随机平均分为腹泻空白组(FXK)和腹泻中药组(FZ),正常的3头为健康空白组(JK),中药组灌服参金止痢口服液,空白组灌服同等体积生理盐水,连续灌胃5d,在给药后的第8天对仔猪采血进行抗体及细胞因子水平测定,并采集结肠内容物提取样本中菌群总DNA进行16S rRNA高通量测序。结果显示：与FXK组相比,FZ组血清中IgG含量显著升高(P＜0.05),IgM含量显著降低(P＜0.05),炎性因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量显著下调(P＜0.01)。α、β多样性分析结果表明,三个组结肠肠道菌群结构差异显著。在门分类水平上,FZ组仔猪肠道拟杆菌门相对丰度显著高于FXK组(P＜0.05),变形菌门相对丰度显著低于FXK组(P＜0.05),而FZ与JK组之间两个菌门差异不显著。属水平上,FZ组韦荣球菌属和乳杆菌属相对丰度显著低于FXK组(P＜0.05),普雷沃氏菌属相对丰度显著高于FXK组(P＜0.05),FZ组与JK组之间这三个菌属差异不显著。综上结果表明,参金止痢口服液可能通过调节免疫及炎性相关因子水平和调节肠道菌群结构从而发挥治疗哺乳仔猪腹泻的作用。     

发酵玉米秸秆对獭兔生长性能的影响及其促生长机理的研究

试验旨在研究经复合菌剂发酵后的玉米秸秆粗饲料对獭兔的促生长效果。用以发酵玉米秸秆为主要粗饲料配制的日粮饲喂獭兔,从试兔生长性能、肠道菌群结构、消化酶活力的变化来揭示发酵玉米秸秆对獭兔生长的影响。选择体况良好,9周龄、体重（1.90±0.14） kg獭兔150只,将其分为对照组（饲喂常规基础日粮）和试验组（发酵玉米秸秆为主要粗饲料的日粮）,预试期10 d,正试期30 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,试验组獭兔平均日增重（ADG）提高了14.60%（P<0.05）,料重比（F/G）降低了10.50%（P<0.05）;盲肠内容物中大肠杆菌数量降低了46.13%（P<0.01）,乳酸菌、双歧杆菌、芽孢杆菌数量分别提高了30.64%（P<0.05）、29.27%（P>0.05）和39.23%（P<0.01）;盲肠中蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、葡聚糖酶活力较对照组分别提高了23.20%（P<0.05）、32.96%（P<0.05）和12.63%（P<0.01）、21.09%（P<0.05）。综合以上结果,发酵玉米秸秆可促进獭兔生长,改善肠道微生态环境。试验结果可为发酵玉米秸秆在獭兔中的应用提供理论基础。