芍药采后贮藏生理研究

该文对芍药两个耐贮藏性不同的品种，在低温干燥贮藏过程中水分、乙烯、呼吸速率及呼吸途径等生理变化进行测定．结果表明，贮藏过程中花枝水分状况与切花寿命相关，没有发现呼吸、乙烯与切花寿命关联，呼吸途径变化与水分变化有一定联系     

农村生态型沼气工程设计软件的开发

依据中国农村生态型沼气工程的应用对象和特点，选择庭院经济、生态温室、生态果园3种模式建立了数学模型并开发设计了辅助设计软件。该软件能依据用户的设计要求，经计算绘制整套的沼气工程设计施工图，并具有界面友好、简单易用的特点，同时采用视频形式详细介绍了沼气的施工与维护方法。     

两种模型分析方法下冬小麦根系吸水深度的对比研究

为了研究冬小麦根系吸水深度,应用塑料管土柱法在田间进行冬小麦种植试验,测定了冬小麦越冬期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期不同土层深度土壤水稳定同位素值,并应用耦合模型和IsoSource多元线性模型对比分析了水源贡献率。结果表明,冬小麦在越冬期、返青期主要利用0~20 cm土层的土壤水,拔节期主要吸水深度为0~40 cm;抽穗期,基于耦合模型的主要吸水深度为0~40 cm,基于IsoSource多元线性模型的为0~40 cm和80~180 cm;灌浆期,基于耦合模型和IsoSource多元线性模型的主要不同吸水深度为180~200 cm,且基于耦合模型的该层贡献率明显高于IsoSource多元线性模型;成熟期主要利用0~40 cm和80~100 cm土层的土壤水,基于2种模型的分析结果相同。应用耦合模型求解贡献率,当分组较多且组间水稳定同位素差异较小时,应结合其他方法来保证其准确性。     

Integrated rice management simultaneously improves rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in various paddy fields

The hilly area of Southwest China is a typical rice production area which is limited by seasonal droughts and low temperature in the early rice growth period. A field experiment was conducted on three typical paddy fields (low-lying paddy field, medium-elevation paddy field, and upland paddy field) in this region. Nitrogen (N) treatment (180 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) was compared to a control treatment (0 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) to evaluate the effects of integrated rice management (IRM) on rice growth, grain yield, and N utilization. Integrated rice management integrated raised beds containing plastic mulch, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting. In comparison to traditional rice management (TRM), IRM promoted rice tiller development, with 7-13 more tillers per cluster at the maximum tillering stage and 1-6 more tillers per cluster at the end of tillering stage. Integrated rice management significantly increased the rice aboveground biomass by 34.4%-109.0% in different growth periods and the aboveground N uptake by 25.3%-159.0%. Number of productive tillers significantly increased by 33.0%, resulting in a 33.0% increase in grain yield and 8.0% improvement of N use efficiency (NUE). Grain yields were significantly increased in all three paddy fields assessed, with IRM being the most important factor for grain yield and productive tiller development. Effects of paddy field type and N level on N uptake by aboveground plants were reflected in the rice reproductive growth period, with the effects of IRM more striking due to the dry climate conditions. In conclusion, IRM simultaneously improved rice yield and NUE, presenting a valuable rice management technique in the paddy fields assessed.     

Toxicity of cadmium and its competition with mineral nutrients for uptake by plants: A review

Cadmium(Cd)is a toxic heavy metal occurring in the environment naturally and is also generated through various anthropogenic sources and acts as a pollutant.Human health is affected by Cd pollution in farmland soils because food is the main source of Cd intake in the non-smoking population.For crops,Cd toxicity may result from a disturbance in uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients and disturbance in plant metabolism,inhibiting plant growth and development.However,plants have Cd tolerance mechanisms,including restricted Cd uptake,decreased Cd root-to-shoot translocation,enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities,and increased production of phytochelatins.Furthermore,optimal supply of mineral nutrients is one of the strategies to alleviate the damaging effects of Cd on plants and to avoid its entry into the food chain.The emerging molecular knowledge contributes to understanding Cd uptake,translocation,and remobilization in plants.In this review,Cd toxicity and tolerance mechanisms,agricultural practices to minimize Cd accumulation,Cd competition with essential elements(calcium,copper,iron,zinc,and manganese),and genes associated with Cd uptake are discussed in detail,especially regarding how these mineral nutrients and genes play a role in decreasing Cd uptake and accumulation in crop plants.     

鄱阳湖湿地土壤中Cu Zn Pb Cd的形态研究

针对乐安河上游铜矿开采带来的鄱阳湖湖体东部重金属污染的问题，采用Tessier法对鄱阳湖湿地土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的化学形态以及重金属形态与植物富集的相关关系进行了研究。结果表明。鄱阳湖土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn主要以有机结合态和残渣态为主，水溶态和交换态等生物有效性态含量很少。Cd的水溶态、交换态和铁锰氧化物态较其他元素高。相关分析和偏相关分析均显示植物中重金属含量与其生存环境中的重金属含量直接相关．植物对重金属的富集能力表现出Zn〉Cu〉Cd〉Pb的趋势。     

盐胁迫对不同小麦品种NSCCs吸钾作用的影响

根据植物对钾的吸收主要通过钾的专性通道和非选择性阳离子通道(NSCCs)2种途径的钾吸收转运机制,利用钾专性通道抑制剂,研究3个耐盐能力不同的小麦品种在盐胁迫下通过NSCCs转移钾的贡献.结果表明:3个小麦品种根系通过NSCCs的钾转移均受到Na~+的影响,耐盐性最强的小麦品种.其通过NSCCs的钾吸收作用受到的影响较小,对盐最敏感的小麦品种受影响最大,其NSCCs对K~+的吸收受到明显抑制,吸钾贡献率大幅下降.     

有机、无机磷肥配施对宁夏引黄灌区露地蔬菜磷素吸收利用与磷平衡的影响

2011—2013年,在宁夏引黄灌区利用田间定位试验研究了不同有机、无机磷肥配施对露地蔬菜的产量、磷素吸收利用、土壤无机磷残留和磷平衡的影响,并提出了合理的磷肥投入阈值。结果表明,过量增施磷肥对露地蔬菜的增产作用不显著。露地蔬菜经济产量与施磷量都符合二次曲线关系,花椰菜、紫甘蓝和大白菜最大产量施磷量分别为P2O5332.3、304.5、377.8 kg/hm2,最佳经济施磷量分别为P2O5282.9、271.2、365.3 kg/hm2。增施磷肥能促进露地蔬菜地上部磷素吸收累积,磷肥利用率随化学磷肥用量增加而降低。随着施磷水平的提高,0~20 cm土壤Olsen-P和Ca Cl2-P含量都呈增加趋势。土壤磷平衡与施磷量呈线性正相关关系,化肥磷施用量越高土壤磷素盈余越大。2011—2013年花椰菜、紫甘蓝和大白菜季合理的磷肥投入阈值范围分别为[141.0,332.3]、[107.1,304.5]和[104.9,377.8],施磷量、蔬菜产量及地上部吸磷量是影响该阈值范围的主要因素。     

南方低甲烷排放的高产水稻品种筛选与评价

为综合评价高产和低甲烷(CH4)排放兼具的水稻品种,应对我国粮食安全和环境保护问题,于2013年晚季和2014年早季,以南方稻区50个代表品种为供试材料,在盆栽条件下采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定品种的CH4排放通量,并对生育期的CH4排放量、稻谷产量及植株农艺性状进行了综合评价。结果表明,早、晚季供试品种间的CH4排放量和产量均存在显著差异。早季全生育期的CH4排放量在7.37～21.10 g·m-2之间,晚季分蘖期至幼穗分化期的CH4排放量在1.37～13.97 g·m-2之间;早季产量在0.40～0.65kg·m-2之间,晚季在0.59～0.87 kg·m-2之间。根据系统聚类法的分析结果,将供试品种划分成具有不同CH4排放量和产量水平的类型,从中筛选出了适合推广应用的CH4低排高产、中排高产和低排中产品种,如黄华占、五优308、丰华占、特三矮、茉莉占选、广超丝苗、珍桂矮、广恢998和七桂早25等。其中,恢复系广恢998组配品种、黄华占和五优308已在我国南方稻区大面积推广应用。相关分析结果表明,株高、叶面积指数与CH4排放通量呈显著正相关,这2个性状可作为高产低CH4排放水稻新品种选育的辅助筛选指标。此外,稻谷产量与CH4排放量无显著相关。研究结果为培育高产与低CH4排放兼具的新品种提供了亲本材料和理论依据。     

重金属铊胁迫下水稻(Oryza sativa L.)根系草酸含量与铊吸收的关系

铊(Tl)作为一种非必需、高毒性重金属元素,会干扰植物的正常发育,并在食物链中引起严重的毒性积累.根系分泌有机酸在抗重金属污染中起着重要作用.为研究铊胁迫下的植物根系有机酸分泌特征与重金属吸收的关系,利用水培法对T胁迫下水稻(Oryza sativa L.)植株草酸分泌和Tl分布特征进行检测和分析,研究不同抑制剂对水稻...