施肥梯度对甘南高寒草甸植被特征的影响

通过小区控制施肥实验,研究了施肥梯度对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸植被特征的影响.结果表明,1) 施肥使线叶嵩草、波伐早熟禾、垂穗鹅观草等禾草的高度显著增加,异针茅、瑞玲草等非禾草类的高度减少.2) 随着施肥梯度的增大,群落的总密度逐渐下降, 禾草密度在不同施肥梯度下有时增加,有时减少,无一般性规律;而非禾草物种密度一般是减少的.3) 随施肥梯度的增加,地上生物量明显提高,多样性指数逐渐下降.施肥对群落密度、地上生物量和多样性的作用都要在2年以后才表现出明显的规律.     

牦牛粪便对高寒草甸群落多样性及生产力的影响

研究了4个不同施牦牛粪便的处理对高寒草句植物群落多样性和生产力的短期影响。结果表明,（1）处理S1,S2和s3的植物群落盖度显著高于对照（SO）（P〈0．05）,各处理的植物群落高度与对照（SO）相比都呈上升趋势,且S3与S0差异显著（P〈0．05）;（2）处理S1、S2和S3的Pielou均匀度指数与sO相比逐渐下降,且S2与sO有显著差异（P〈0．05）。处理S1、s2和S3的Shannon—Wiener物种多样性指数与S0相比逐渐下降,且S2与S0差异极显著（P〈0．01）。而Simpson物种多样性指数的变化则表现为无规律性。（3）施牦牛粪便后植物群落的地上总生物量出现增加趋势,且S2,S3与s0间达到差异显著（P〈0．05）。     

The Standardization of an Apparatus for the Mixing of Soil Samples for Nematode Extractions

Quantitative determination of nematode populations in soils frequently necessitates the mixing of representative soil samples to form a homogeneous, compound sample from which the nematodes are extracted. A mixing apparatus was developed and standardized with the aid of a spectrophotometric technique by which the dispersion of a dye through the soil during mixing could be determined. It was found that the mixer is most suitable for use on sandy loam soils. Optimal mixing is obtained at a speed of 15 rpm for 2 minutes. Under these conditions mechanical damage to nematodes during mixing is minimal.     

封育和放牧对高寒草甸植被群落特征和土壤特性的影响

为探究封育和放牧对高寒草甸植被群落和土壤特性的影响,本研究以封育13年和连续放牧高寒草甸为研究对象,采用野外群落调查和室内土壤分析相结合的方法,探究封育和放牧对植被群落状况和土壤特性的影响。结果表明：封育显著提高了群落的盖度和地上生物量（P<0.01）;封育显著提高了0~30 cm土壤总氮（Total nitrogen,TN）、速效氮（Available nitrogen,AN）、速效磷（Available phosphorus,AP）和速效钾（Available potassium,AK）（P<0.01）;封育显著降低了群落密度、物种丰富度指数、香农-维纳多样性指数和均匀度指数（P<0.01）。总之,封育虽增加了高寒草甸植物群落生物量和土壤养分,但在一定程度上导致草地植物群落多样性的下降,研究建议针对封育13年的高寒草甸进行适当的放牧以增加群落物种多样性和丰富度。     

外界生物因素对朱哀皿鸟种群数量的影响

朱哀皿鸟是世界上最为稀少的一个禽类物种,为留鸟,为中国Ⅰ级保护动物,已被列入濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录。天敌、生存环境、疾病及人类活动等因素严重影响其生存和种群数量。本文通过对上述外界因素的分析,提出应保护和恢复朱哀皿鸟栖息地,加强朱哀皿鸟疾病研究,扩大人工种群规模,逐步野放更多的人工孵化鸟,补充野外种群并扩展新的保护区。     

科尔沁草甸湿地土壤碳氮剖面分布及生长季动态特征

采用定位观测的试验方法,于2016年5-10月及2017年8月对科尔沁草甸湿地0~100 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮剖面分布及生长季动态特征进行了实验分析,旨在为科尔沁草甸湿地保护提供科学指导并为干旱半干旱地区湿地土壤碳氮储量估算提供借鉴。结果表明:1)科尔沁草甸湿地土壤有机碳、全氮含量整体随土层深度下降,0~20 cm土层间下降显著,20 cm以下趋于相对稳定,范围分别为11.9~23.5 g·kg^-1和0.66~1.50 g·kg^-1。2)各土层土壤碳氮含量月间差异显著(全氮40~60 cm土层除外),变化幅度随土层深度先减小后增大;土壤碳氮密度(100 cm)生长季变化大于年际变化,有机碳密度全生长季呈上升趋势,范围为15.44~20.82 kg·m^-2,全氮密度生长初期明显下降,之后趋于相对稳定,范围为1.01~1.16 kg·m^-2。3)土壤有机碳含量与全氮含量呈极显著正相关;植被和水文是影响其分布、变化的关键因子。科尔沁草甸湿地生长季土壤有机碳、全氮密度变化较大,且表现为潜在的碳汇和氮源,但年际间碳汇潜力未充分发挥,本研究建议禁牧力度应加大并增加氮肥投入以提高科尔沁草甸湿地生态系统功能。     

武威地区天然草地有毒植物及其防除

对武威地区天然草地有毒植物的种类，分布及其对草地的危害情况进行了调查研究，结果表明，全区天然草地共有毒植物１７２号，分属３１科８４属，平均２．１５种／ｍ＾２，盖度达４．４１％地上部分生物量１１．２８ｇ／ｍ＾２。对草地危害的主要黄花棘豆，甘肃棘豆，小花棘豆，狼毒和马草，受侵害的草地主要是山地草甸和山地草原，通过分析，提出了有毒植物防除和利用的建议。     

Effects of Alternative Molting Programs and Population on Layer Performance: Results of the Thirty-Fifth North Carolina Layer Performance and Management Test

A study involving 7 white-egg and 3 brown-egg commercial layer strains was conducted at the North Carolina Piedmont Research Station to assess the effects cage population 3-bird vs. 4-bird cages and alternative molt programs on performance through 113 wk of age (791 d). The flock was divided into 3 groups; not molted (NM), maintained in continuous production; molted using feed restriction (FR), an industry-type 14-d feed withdrawal molting program initiated at 463 d of age; and molted using a nonfasted/anorexic program (NF), in which an ad libitum supply of a low protein, low energy molt feed was provided. Productivity, egg size, and egg quality were monitored at 28-d periods throughout the test providing the performance data for the white-egg and brown-egg strains with regard to these management factors. Detailed results by strain are available on the following Web site: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/poulsci/tech_info.html#layer. The performance for the 3-bird or 4-bird cage groups for either type of layer was similar, except that birds in 4-bird cages had higher feed consumption in the first production phase than did the birds in 3-bird cages. In the same time period the white-egg birds in the 3-bird cages had a greater percentage of cracked eggs and a smaller percentage of Grade A large eggs than those in 4-bird cages. No differences were observed in egg income for the 2 population sizes for either type of layer. However, due to their higher feed consumption, the white egg birds in the 4-bird cages had higher feed cost per hen for the first cycle, which was offset by the egg income component due to their increased production rate. The molted layers outperformed the nonmolted layers for both types of layers in terms of overall income over feed costs. The FR molted hens, under a program that has traditionally been used by commercial producers, outperformed NF-molted hens, indicating that further refinements are needed to make the NF program economically competitive with the FR molting program.     

藏北高寒草甸不同退化阶段植物群落特征及其繁殖分配研究

以西藏北部羌塘草原高寒草甸为研究对象,研究不同退化阶段草地植物群落特征及16种主要组分种的繁殖分配,试图揭示多年生草本植物及其繁殖分配与草地退化程度的关系。结果表明:随着退化程度的加剧高寒草甸植物群落内优势植物发生明显变化,草地群落的各项指标随着草地退化程度的增加而降低;退化程度对群落内物种个体生物量大小和生物量分配有着显著影响,伴随退化程度的加剧各物种对繁殖的绝对投入所受影响不明显,但繁殖投入升高。在群落水平上,草地退化使植物群落繁殖分配增加,茎分配和叶分配减少。不同植物群落内共有种繁殖分配存在差异,表明其繁殖分配跟退化程度有关;植物繁殖投入随退化程度的变化,反映了植物繁殖对策和繁殖投入在生活史特征中的可塑性。     

结缕草耐盐分离群体的构建

为进一步研究结缕草属(Zoysia Willd.)植物的耐盐性遗传机制,通过结缕草耐盐亲本Z105(Z.japonica)和敏盐亲本Z061(Z.japonica)进行人工杂交,以构建结缕草的耐盐分离群体.首先通过SRAP(Sequence-relatedamplified polymorphism)分子标记技术对所获得的F1群体杂种真实性进行鉴定,在此基础上,通过水培法对F1群体的耐盐性进行鉴定.结果表明:F1群体164个后代中132个后代为真杂种,这些后代的耐盐性表现出连续性的遗传变异,存在明显的分离现象,成功地构建了结缕草的耐盐性分离群体.这为结缕草耐盐性的遗传分析、遗传图谱的构建和耐盐