烤烟漂浮育苗土壤替代基质研究

为减少传统基质中草炭、蛭石、膨胀珍珠岩等不可再生资源的开发,降低烤烟育苗成本,利用耕作层土壤、火土、农家肥、营养液肥料的混合物作为烤烟育苗基质进行了漂浮育苗试验。结果表明,在土壤中加入等比例火土、30%农家肥、2%~2.5%营养液肥料作为烤烟育苗基质,其理化指标接近传统基质,能培育出健壮烟苗,出苗率达84.57%,成苗率达97.53%,烟苗生长和农艺性状与传统基质相比差异较小,每池成本较传统基质节省48元。     

降水和地积温对有机肥腐解的动态分析

应用砂滤管法和正交旋转回归设计建立了降水量、地积温和有机肥添加量对有机肥的腐解动态模型。结果表明，降水量与有机肥腐殖化系数成正相关；地积温与有机肥腐殖化系数成负相关；添加量对有机肥腐殖化系数影响不大．模型计算出不同地区不同积温、降水条件下有机肥腐殖化系数的变化值．     

Effects of organic solid cattle manure application on nutritive value of winter cereal forages

Nutritive value of winter cereal forages is one of interested subjects of farmers for animal feeding. Field experiments were established in 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons in northeast Turkey to investigate the effect of organic solid cattle manure application (0, 10 and 20 Mg ha^?1 yr^?1) on nutritive value of three annual cereals for forage. The winter cereal forages were: wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oat (Avena sativa L.) and rye (Secela cereale L.). ADF (acid detergent fiber), NDF (neutral detergent fiber) CP (crude protein), nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, sodium, zinc and boron (N, P, K, S, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Zn and B) concentrations were researched in this study. Wheat had the highest CP, N, Ca, Cu, Na and Zn concentration, whereas oat had the lowest ADF and NDF and the highest K, Fe and Mn concentrations. The greatest Mg and P concentrations were determined in rye. Organic solid cattle manure applications had no effect on N and CP contents, but it decreased ADF and NDF contents. However, in most cases it positively affected the P, B, Cu, Fe, Mg and Na concentrations, whereas it decreased K, Ca, Mn and Zn concentrations. The results showed that wheat and oat are more nutritive species than rye in terms of animal feeding and the organic solid cattle manure, in some cases increased the nutritive values of wheat, oat and rye under organic agriculture conditions.     

Integrated nutrient management for better quality and yield of Kinnow mandarin

This study was carried out to determine the integrated effect of organic matter alone and in combination with chemical fertilizers in order to maintain the nutritional status in Kinnow fruit plants. Lahore Compost was used as a source of organic matter. Treatments were made by using compost alone and in combination with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK), and well-rotten farm yard manure (FYM; cow dung). Treatments were applied before flowering and after fruit set. Effect of these treatments on different physicochemical characteristics of Kinnow fruit and nutritional status in tree leaves was determined. Among all treatments, minimum flower drop, maximum yield, and better fruit quality were recorded in plants where 40 kg compost + 1/2 recommended doses of NPK were applied before flowering and after fruit setting, while minimum fruit set was recorded from the plants where 30 kg compost alone was applied before flowering.     

长期不同施肥红壤磷素特征和流失风险研究

为探索长期施肥对红壤磷素吸附固持的影响,分析不同施肥土壤磷流失风险及影响因素。在南方丘陵区红壤上开展了持续25年的长期定位试验,处理包括:不施肥(CK)、施氮肥(N)、施磷肥(P)、施钾肥(K)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK1)、施2倍量氮磷钾肥(NPK2)、单施有机肥(OM)和氮磷钾配施有机肥(MNPK)。研究了不同施肥下土壤全磷、Olsen-P、Mehlich1-P、CaCl2-P含量及磷吸持指数(PSI)、磷饱和度(DPS)的变化,探讨不同施肥处理土壤对磷的吸附和解吸特征,并分析了土壤磷指标与土壤有机碳、pH、CEC之间的关系。结果表明:长期施用化学磷肥有利于补充土壤磷素,特别是土壤全磷,并使Olesn-P和Mehlich 1-P有增加趋势,而对CaCl2-P影响不显著;施用化肥对DPS影响不显著,单施磷会降低PSI,低量氮磷钾提高了PSI,高量氮磷钾处理与对照差异不显著;长期施用有机肥(猪粪)土壤全磷增加,而Olsen-P、Mehlich 1-P和CaCl2-P则大幅累积, PSI显著降低, DPS显著增加。长期施用化肥处理土壤对新添加磷的吸附较强,长期施用有机肥降低了土壤对新添加磷的吸附;土壤全磷、Olsen-P、Mehlich1-P、CaCl2-P、PSI、DPS及最大吸附容量(Qm)与土壤pH、CEC、土壤总有机碳(TSOC)、土壤水溶性有机碳[冷水提取水溶性有机碳(CWSOC)和热水提取水溶性有机碳(HWSOC)]间相关性较高;土壤磷指标和土壤有机碳、pH、CEC指标之间存在典型相关关系,第1对和第2对典型变量的典型相关系数分别为0.997和0.951,达显著水平。研究表明,施用有机肥是调节土壤磷的供给和保持的重要措施,土壤水溶性有机碳和pH可能是反映红壤磷素供应和流失的关键指标。     

施用牛粪对沿海泥质滩涂土壤原始肥力驱动及黑麦草幼苗生长的影响

【目的】沿海滩涂土壤属于滨海盐土类型,由于长期受海洋潮汐的影响,盐渍化作用导致土壤盐分含量偏高、 土体发育不明显、 理化性状差、 肥力水平低下,且滩涂面积还在以一定的速度增长,同时可耕地面积的逐年递减和淡水资源的日益遗乏,滩涂盐土的开发利用越来越受到人们的关注。本文研究牛粪不同用量驱动新围垦滩涂土壤原始肥力并为绿肥植物黑麦草幼苗生长提供养分的作用,以期为滩涂盐土的改良提供一条可行的途径。【方法】采用田间小区随机区组试验,探讨了牛粪不同施用量(0、 30、 75、 150、 300 t/hm2)对滩涂土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体、 盐分、 pH、 有机碳、 氮磷养分含量等肥力因子及黑麦草幼苗生物量、 生长状况的影响。 【结果】滩涂0—10和10—20 cm土层土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的数量随牛粪施用量的增加呈逐渐增加趋势。与对照相比,牛粪用量150和300 t/hm2处理的滩涂0—10和10—20 cm土层土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体差异均达到显著水平; 施用牛粪各处理滩涂土壤有机碳分别比对照增加17.4%、 32.6%、 55.0%、 205.8%; 与对照相比,施用牛粪各处理显著降低了滩涂土壤盐分含量,降幅分别达25.2%、 75.8%、 76.0%、 75.9%; 施用牛粪对滩涂土壤pH值降低不明显; 随牛粪施用量的增加,滩涂土壤全氮、 全磷、 碱解氮、 有效磷含量均呈逐渐上升趋势; 施用牛粪增加了黑麦草幼苗地上部和根系干重; 施用牛粪各处理黑麦草幼苗株高分别比对照增加52.6%、 46.1%、 74.2%、 56.2%(P＜0.05); 牛粪施用量达150 t/hm2时可显著增加黑麦草幼苗的分蘖数; 随牛粪施用量的增加,黑麦草根系总根长、 平均直径、 根表面积、 根体积均呈逐渐上升趋势。【结论】施用牛粪改善了滩涂土壤的初始肥力特性,促进了绿肥植物黑麦草地上部及根系的生长,并提高了黑麦草幼苗的生物量,因此,牛粪可作为改良新围垦滩涂土壤的“原始肥力驱动剂”。利用牛粪进行滩涂土壤的改良还有效地处理了畜禽粪便,是滩涂土壤改良和畜禽粪便合理利用一举两得的新途径。     

Soil nutrient status and yield of rice as affected by long-term integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers

Nutrient balance is the key component to increase crop yields. Excess and imbalanced use of nutrients has caused nutrient mining from the soil and deteriorated crop productivity and ultimately soil health. Replenishment of these nutrients has a direct impact on soil health and crop productivity. Based on this fact, the present research was conducted to determine the effects of long-term integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil nutrient status and yield (grain and straw) in rice. Different combinations of inorganic nitrogen (N) and organic sources (sewage sludge and compost) were applied to the soil. Data revealed that application of mineral NPK in combination with 50% N through compost significantly increased the organic matter content (0.36%), available phosphorus (16.50 kg/ha) and available potassium content (239.80 kg/ha) in soil. The maximum available N (225.12 kg/ha) was found by the substitution of 50% N through sewage sludge. This improvement in soil nutrient status through combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers produced significant increase in grain and straw yield as compared to inorganic fertilizers alone. Maximum grain (6.96 t/ha) and straw (8.56 t/ha) yields were found in treatment having substitution of 50% N (recommended) through compost @10t/ha. Also, a significant positive correlation was found between soil nutrients and straw and grain yield in rice. Thus the study demonstrated that substitution of 50% inorganic N through compost will be a good alternative for improving soil fertility.     

不同施肥方法对鱼蚌综合养殖水体水化学的影响

通过155 d的围隔实验检验了不同施肥方法对鱼蚌综合养殖水体水化学的影响.鱼蚌放养种类为三角帆蚌、草鱼、鲫、鲢和鳙,鱼蚌比例为1.5∶1.施肥处理为施鸭粪(DM)、施化肥(CF)及结合施鸭粪和化肥(DC).实验期间定期采样分析水化学指标.各施肥处理间透明度(SD)、溶氧(DO)、硫酸根离子、氯离子、碳酸根离子、重碳酸根离子、钙离子(Ca2+)、镁离子(Mg2+)、总碱度、总硬度、氨态氮(TAN)、硝酸态氮(NO3-N)、亚硝酸态氮(NO2-N)、活性磷(PO4-p)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸钾指数(CODMn)均无显著差异,但围隔CF内PO4-P/TP显著高于围隔DM,5月20日-7月18日围隔CF内pH显著低于围隔DM.随养殖时间延长,各处理围隔内SD、DO、Ca2+和Ca2 +/Mg2+呈下降趋势,但TAN、NO2-N、TN、TP和CODMn呈上升趋势.结果表明,在投喂配合饲料的基础上少量施鸭粪、化肥或结合施鸭粪和化肥不会导致鱼蚌综合养殖水体主要离子、总碱度、总硬度、TAN、NO3-N、NO2-N、PO4-P、TN、TP和CODMn含量产生显著差异.相比之下,施化肥的水体CODMn较低,PO4-P/TP较高;施鸭粪的水体CODMn较高,PO4-P/TP较低;结合施鸭粪和化肥的水体CODMn和PO4-P/TP介于施化肥和施鸭粪的水体之间.鉴于结合施鸭粪和化肥的水体珍珠产量高于单独施鸭粪或施化肥的水体,可认为该施肥措施有利于三角帆蚌生长及其珍珠囊内的珍珠质分泌.     

多功能单股草绳机的研制

多功能单股草绳机是一种将脱粒后的水稻秸杆加工成草绳的新型节能环保绿色农业机械设备。由半自动横卷式输草装置、全自动卧式分草装置、播种施肥除草机构、搓草机构、卷草机构五部分组成;动力设备为普通三相（或二相）电机四台、力矩电机一台。本机结构简单、操作便捷、功能多样化,可以生产普通单股草绳、带种草绳、带肥草绳、带种带肥带除草剂草绳。     

有机肥与化肥长期配施对作物产量和灌漠土养分库的影响

根据河西走廊灌漠土上连续27 a的长期定位试验数据,研究了河西绿洲区灌漠土有机肥和化肥长期配施对作物产量和土壤养分库的影响。结果表明,有机肥与化肥长期配施增加了作物产量和产量的稳定性;7种施肥方式(单施氮、NP配施、NPK配施、单施有机肥、有机肥+N、有机肥+NP、有机肥+NPK)中,以有机肥与NP或NPK肥配施效果为最佳。长期有机肥和化肥配施增加了N,P,K养分投入量、养分携出量和盈余量;有机肥与化肥配施21~25 a后,土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量分别提高了10.0%~16.0%,58.1%~69.0%和13.4%~31.1%,速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别提高了45.7%~79.0%,172.2%~287.8%和21.4%~38.8%,均显著高于对照和单施化肥处理;有机肥与化肥配施处理中,以有机肥与NPK肥配施改善土壤肥力的效果最理想。