Contribution of green manure legumes to nitrogen dynamics in traditional winter wheat cropping system in the Loess Plateau of China

Excessive application of N fertilizer in pursuit of higher yields is common due to poor soil fertility and low crop productivity. However, this practice causes serious soil depletion and N loss in the traditional wheat cropping system in the Loess Plateau of China. Growing summer legumes as the green manure (GM) crop is a viable solution because of its unique ability to fix atmospheric N₂. Actually, little is known about the contribution of GM N to grain and N utilization in the subsequent crop. Therefore, we conducted a four-year field experiment with four winter wheat-based rotations (summer fallow-wheat, Huai bean–wheat, soybean–wheat, and mung bean–wheat) and four nitrogen fertilizer rates applied to wheat (0, 108, 135, and 162 kg N/ha) to investigate the fate of GM nitrogen via decomposition, utilization by wheat, and contribution to grain production and nitrogen economy through GM legumes. Here we showed that GM legumes accumulated 53–76 kg N/ha per year. After decomposing for approximately one year, more than 32 kg N/ha was released from GM legumes. The amount of nitrogen released via GM decomposition that was subsequently utilized by wheat was 7–27 kg N/ha. Incorporation of GM legumes effectively replaced 13–48% (average 31%) of the applied mineral nitrogen fertilizer. Additionally, the GM approach during the fallow period reduced the risk of nitrate-N leaching to depths of 0–100 cm and 100–200 cm by 4.8 and 19.6 kg N/ha, respectively. The soil nitrogen pool was effectively improved by incorporation of GM legumes at the times of wheat sowing. Cultivation of leguminous GM during summer is a better option than bare fallow to maintain the soil nitrogen pool, and decrease the rates required for N fertilization not only in the Loess Plateau of China but also in other similar dryland regions worldwide.     

Potato absorption and phytoavailability of Cd,Ni, Cu,Zn and Pb in sierozem soils amended with municipal sludge compost

Effects of sludge utilization on the mobility and phytoavailability of heavy metals in soil-plant systems have attracted broad attention in recent years. In this study, we analyzed the effects of municipal sludge compost(MSC) on the solubility and plant uptake of Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb in a soil-potato system to explore the mobility, potato plant uptake and enrichment of these five heavy metals in sierozem soils amended with MSC through a potato cultivation trial in Lanzhou University of China in 2014. Ridge regression analysis was conducted to investigate the phytoavailability of heavy metals in amended soils. Furthermore, CaCl_2, CH_3 COONH_4, CH_3COOH, diethylene triamine pentacetic acid(DTPA) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) were used to extract the labile fraction of heavy metals from the amended soils. The results show that the MSC could not only improve the fertility but also increase the dissolved organic carbon(DOC) content of sierozem soils. The total concentrations and labile fraction proportions of heavy metals increase with increasing MSC percentage in sierozem soils. In amended soils, Cd has the highest solubility and mobility while Ni has the lowest solubility and mobility among the five heavy metals. The MSC increases the concentrations of heavy metals in the root, stem, peel and tuber of the potato plant, with the concentrations being much higher in the stem and root than in the peel and tuber. Among the five heavy metals, the bioconcentration factor value of Cd is the highest, while that of Ni is the lowest. The complexing agent(DTPA and EDTA) extractable fractions of heavy metals are the highest in terms of phytoavailability. Soil properties(including organic matter, p H and DOC) have important impacts on the phytoavailability of heavy metals. Our results suggest that in soil-potato systems, although the MSC may improve soil fertility, it can also increase the risk of soils exposed to heavy metals.     

不同间作绿肥替代化肥模式对木薯性状和产量的影响

通过探讨秸秆还田与化肥减施下间作绿肥对木薯产量性状的影响,着力解决连作木薯土壤肥力提高与改良相关技术的协调增效。于2019-2020年,以木薯品种“南美1号”为供试材料,设置8个处理,调查每个小区的木薯茎径、叶绿素（SPAD）、块根直径、块根长、单株茎秆鲜重、单株块根鲜重、株高、单片叶重、单株块根数以及小区产量等农艺性状。结果表明,处理5（木薯秆还田+化肥减量12.5%+12.5%营养元素当量黑豆绿肥还田）的木薯产量最高,并得到拟合方程。绿肥秸秆还田以及间作绿肥从整体上改良了土壤肥力,并通过显著影响木薯块根、单片叶重以及单株块根数而影响最终产量。     

Optimisation of fertiliser rates in crop production against energy use indicators

Optimising mineral nitrogen (N) use in crop production is inevitable target as mineral fertilisers reflect one of the highest inputs both in terms of economy and energy. The aim of the study was to compare the relationship between the rate of N fertiliser application and different measures of energy parameters exemplary data for spring-wheat in boreal climate condition in Estonia in 2006–2010. The effect of mineral N with rates 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha⁻¹ was studied on the background of composted cow manure and without organic fertilisers. Univalent parameters, energy gain (EG) (energy output − energy input) and energy ratio (ER) (energy output/energy input) were calculated. To aggregate parameters with different units (ER and EG) we proposed two standardisation approaches for combined indices. ER maximisation gave both organic fertilisation background optimum N norms significantly lower than EG (p < 0.05) optimisation. Both the new combined indices gave optimum N norms in between the rate of ER an EG. Composted cow manure background did not affect mineral N optimisation significantly. We suggest optimisation of mineral N according to bi-dimensional parameters as they capture important features of production efficiency and are more objective using as advisory tool for sustainable production systems.     

Fertilizer value of nitrogen in hen and broiler manure after application to spring barley using different application timing

The nitrogen (N) fertilizer effect of layer hen and broiler manure applied at different times on spring barley yield was studied in seven Swedish field experiments during 2005–2008. Two experiments had parallel field incubations to study N release after fertilizer application. The effect of total N in manure on N offtake was 30–40% that of mineral N, except in a dry year, when the effect was very low. Although the relative proportions of ammonium N, uric acid N and other N differed between the hen and broiler manure, the effect of total N was similar for both. In field incubations, mineral N decreased from 75 to 60% of total N applied in hen manure, whereas it increased from 20 to 50% in broiler manure, because of net immobilization and release, respectively. The limited fertilizer nitrogen replacement value, corresponding to only 30–40% of total N, could be as a result of ammonia volatilization after rather shallow incorporation with harrow. Net N release from broiler manure lasted for 6–8 weeks after application, after which it generally ceased. In some cases, manure application in early spring gave better yield effects than application at sowing, probably because of better synchronization of the N release with crop N requirements. The residual N effect on the N offtake in crop in the year after manure application was on average 3% of the total N applied, equivalent to a fertilizer replacement value of about 6%.     

绿肥影响农田土传病害的研究进展

土传病害是制约我国农业可持续发展的因素之一。绿肥作为高效清洁的有机肥源,与主作物合理搭配,可有效降低主作物土传病害的发生和危害,是减少化学药剂使用的重要措施。因此,综述绿肥对土传病害的防控效果与机制,对于绿肥推广应用和土传病害绿色防控具有重要意义。绿肥影响作物土传病害的研究主要集中于土传真菌病害和线虫病害,且大多数研究表明,绿肥可通过增强主作物整体抗病水平,对病原菌的化感抑制作用和改善土壤理化性质,增加土壤微生物中拮抗菌多样性和丰富度等,显著降低主作物土传病害发病率和严重程度。然而,绿肥影响主作物病害的作用机制研究不够深入,绿肥-主作物搭配模式和绿肥调控主作物病害的社会经济学效益仍需探究。同时,加强绿肥-主作物病害一体化防控及绿肥与根际促生菌、生防菌等其他有机改良剂或与适当的化学防控措施之间协同作用的研究,是未来需要加强的研究方向。     

北京市规模化奶牛场运动场防雨现状及建议

运动场是保障奶牛生产力和动物福利的重要设施。2021年6—9月,频繁降雨导致北京地区多家奶牛场的运动场积水,为奶牛生产力、奶牛场生防安全、环境卫生、运动场舒适性和动物福利带来隐患。通过线上线下结合,调研了北京地区27 家规模化奶牛场的运动场防雨、排水及垫料现状。结果表明：调研奶牛场中,88.90%奶牛场配备了运动场,其中83.33%奶牛场通过设置地面倾角、设置挡雨棚、雨污分离槽及布设排水管道（沟渠）、雨后水泵排水等方式实现运动场防雨及排水。此外,针对运动场建设、运动场防雨、运动场舒适性展开讨论,以期改善运动场防雨现状,满足集约化奶牛场可持续发展需求和提升动物福利。     

规模化奶牛场粪污危害、处理及循环利用模式

随着我国奶牛养殖业发展规模的壮大,规模化奶牛场数量持续增加,但奶牛场粪污污染问题也日益凸显。本文结合自身工作经验,首先分析了规模化奶牛场粪污的危害性,然后从雨污分离、固液分离和干清粪工艺对规模化奶牛场粪污处理方式进行概述,最后从厌气（厌氧）发酵获得沼气、微生物发酵用作饲料和生产生物有机肥三种不同模式介绍模化奶牛场粪污的循环利用操作,以期为规模化奶牛场粪污高效利用提供借鉴。     

宁夏回族自治区养殖粪污资源化利用现状调查与分析

畜禽粪污资源化利用,是农村生态环境保护工作的重点和难点,对于改善农村生态环境质量、提高农业绿色发展水平、促进农产品增产提质具有重要意义。本文为进一步了解宁夏回族自治区（简称“宁夏”）畜禽粪污资源化利用现状,在宁夏银川市、石嘴山市、吴忠市、中卫市、固原市5 市,对四大产业主导区畜禽养殖产业基本情况、全区及各市不同类型和规模的畜禽养殖粪污资源化利用现状及问题、不同养殖类型和规模的资源化主推技术及典型案例等情况进行了实地调研。结果表明：2020年,宁夏畜禽存栏总量2 046.0 万头（只）,其中,奶牛57.4 万头、肉牛120.7 万头、羊596.1 万只、生猪90.0 万头、家禽1 181.8 万只。畜禽粪污产生量3 025.3 万吨,全区粪污资源化利用总量为2 961.6 万吨,综合利用率达到97.9%,规模养殖场设施配套率达99.0%,该地区畜禽粪污综合利用主要途径有肥料化利用、能源化利用、清洁再生回用等。