基于地表水目标水质的畜禽粪便水环境承载力估算

针对南方水网地区畜禽养殖业发展受限问题,以浙江省江山港流域为研究对象,实地调研核定流域水污染物来源途径与入河污染负荷量;基于QUAL2K模型,建立地表水水质响应模型,评估江山港流域在达到目标水质时的畜禽粪便水环境承载力;运用情景分析法探究畜禽养殖与地表水水质响应关系。结果表明：1)2020年江山港流域入河负荷量为190.564 t（以氨氮计）,土壤流失、污水处理厂、化肥施用、有机肥施用和水产养殖分别占总负荷的70.0%、14.8%、11.0%、2.8%和1.4%。2）当水质目标设定为达到Ⅰ类和优于Ⅱ类时,江山港流域能承载畜禽最大养殖量分别为133.5万和1 622.1万头猪当量,当前养殖规模未超载。3）江山港流域地表水水质对畜禽养殖量的响应关系弱,畜禽养殖不是流域水环境保护的制约因素。建议江山港流域加强生态沟渠的建设与管理,协同实现畜禽养殖业发展与水环境保护。     

碳交易视域下养殖户畜禽粪污资源化利用受偿意愿与影响因素——基于河北省7市694户养猪户调研数据

为进一步探究养殖户粪污资源化利用受偿意愿、受偿水平及其影响因素,基于碳交易视角,利用2023年3—4月对河北省7市694户养猪户的调研数据,运用条件价值评估法、二元Logit模型和Tobit模型对此进行系统分析。结果表明：1）88.76%的养猪户愿意接受补偿,其受偿水平在25.03~31.50元/t;2）养猪户年龄、养殖场地面积以及粪污资源化利用生态效益等因素会显著影响养猪户受偿意愿;风险偏好、场地面积、养殖规模、养殖信息获取渠道、粪污资源化利用经济效益显著影响其受偿水平;3）规模异质性视角下,粪污资源化利用生态效益显著正向影响不同规模养猪户受偿意愿。自动化设施配置数量和粪污资源化利用社会效益显著影响不同规模养猪户受偿水平,但其影响方向存在显著差异。为使养殖户更好参与资源化利用,应加强对畜禽粪污资源化利用正面效果的宣传,将宏观政策规范与地方实际相结合、因地制宜,有序推进碳交易补偿机制的建立。     

国内种肥施肥机械化发展现状及思考

施种肥是最经济有效的施肥方法之一。为此,介绍了国内施肥机械化技术发展现状,包括排肥器的种类及穴施肥排肥器的研究进展情况以及种肥施肥机械装备发展概况;指出了目前种肥施肥机械化技术存在的问题;分析了施肥机械化技术发展趋势,认为变量施肥技术及穴施肥技术等是未来种肥机械化施肥方式的重要发展方向。     

畜禽粪便固液分离机冲洗装置研究

以畜禽粪便为原料的沼气工程,在原料预处理和沼渣堆肥利用环节中,螺旋压榨固液分离是重要处理手段。为此,针对目前固液分离机在筛网上形成腐蚀、堵塞等问题进行了研究,设计了冲洗装置。本装置能够提高固液分离分离效果,延长筛网的使用寿命,具有较好的应用前景。     

粉煤灰和猪粪好氧混合堆肥过程中养分转化研究

以猪粪为堆肥原材料,以玉米秸秆粉为调理剂,并添加干质量分数为0、2.5％、5.0％、7.5％和10％的粉煤灰进行90 d好氧堆肥,研究不同用量粉煤灰对猪粪堆肥过程中养分转化的影响。结果表明：添加粉煤灰能提高堆体的pH值,但在后期对电导率（EC）的增加有一定的抑制;碳氮比随着堆肥时间的延长而降低,而总氮（TN）则相反;当粉煤灰质量分数达10%时,在60d后堆体TN明显降低;添加粉煤灰对NH+4-N无明显影响,而所有添加粉煤灰均会抑制堆肥中NO3-N 的生成,且与粉煤灰用量呈正相关;添加粉煤灰对总磷（TP）和总钾（TK）的影响不大,但会抑制雪里蕻根部的生长。结合发芽率试验结果可以认为,90 d的试验中所添加的粉煤灰对猪粪堆肥的腐熟没有影响。     

3种固沙材料与风沙土复配后土壤改良效应及其质量评价

揭示风沙土复配其他固沙材料后的土壤质量变化及改良效应对研发防沙固沙新材料具有重要的指导意义。以乌兰布和沙漠风沙土为对照(CK),采用粉煤灰、脱硫石膏、牛粪3种固沙材料按干质量比15%,25%与风沙土进行复配,研究了不同材料与配比复配土壤对机械组成、养分含量、金属含量的改良效应,运用最小数据集构建、隶属度计算与土壤质量指数计算等方法评价了复配土壤质量。结果表明：(1)不同复配土壤的机械组成均发生了改变,粉粒、粗砂等难蚀、较难蚀颗粒体积分数增加,易蚀的细砂体积分数降低。(2)除石膏复配土壤各养分指标与CK相近外,其余复配土壤有机碳含量较对照提高1.2～10.4倍,牛粪复配土壤在提高养分含量方面显著高于其他材料;以牛粪和石膏为材料的复配土则分别增加或降低了沙土中的金属含量,而粉煤灰复配土的Cr, As较CK下降。(3)不同复配土对土壤理化性质作用影响各异,粉煤灰在粒径改良方面较优,牛粪在养分提升方面效果显著,石膏在重金属含量降低方面作用明显,粉煤灰石膏混合复配则综合了二者的优势。(4) 3种固沙材料均在不同程度上提高了复配土壤的质量,但复配土壤质量仍处于较低水平。综上,不同复配比例组合中,1...     

规模化畜禽养殖场粪便养分数据空间化表征方法

针对目前进行规模化养殖场粪便养分分配,主要以行政单元为单位将规模化养殖统计数据总量按农田面积简单分配,认为所有的农用地之间都是均匀的,而忽视了农用地块之间存在差异性的问题,利用GIS空间分析技术,结合农用地地块间的空间差异性以及规模养殖畜禽粪便作为肥料施用的特殊性,构建了规模化畜禽养殖统计数据空间化算法,并结合农用地最大养分负荷,实现从规模畜禽养殖统计数据到区域畜禽粪便养分供给的空间化转换,最后以福州市闽侯县上街镇为例进行了算法的实际应用。结果表明研究区农用地氮、磷最大养分负荷分别为169.994 kg/hm2和34.973 kg/hm2。无论是畜禽养殖粪便氮养分还是磷养分,都未超过算法设定的阈值。     

鸡粪对芸豆土壤有机碳氧化稳定性与碳库管理指数的影响

为探讨鸡粪与化肥不同比例配施对芸豆/玉米轮作土壤有机碳氧化稳定性及碳库管理指数的影响,通过2009—2014年大田试验,研究了N100(尿素提供100%的氮)、M10N90(鸡粪和尿素分别提供10%和90%的氮)、M30N70(鸡粪和尿素分别提供30%和70%的氮)和M50N50(鸡粪和尿素各提供50%的氮)等不同施肥处理对芸豆/玉米轮作土壤有机碳(TOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化碳(ROC)含量及有机碳氧化稳定性与碳库管理指数(CPMI)的影响。结果表明,M_(10)N_(90)、M30N70和M50N50处理的TOC含量分别比N100处理提高5.21%、12.74%和19.87%;M_(30)N_(70)处理的MBC、ROC含量和CPMI均最高,并显著高于其他处理,其中ROC含量分别较N100、M10N90和M50N50处理提高54.03%、16.50%和10.43%,CPMI分别提高75.10、30.75和27.94;但M30N70处理的有机碳氧化稳定系数显著低于其他处理,并较N100处理下降35.95%。此外,该处理能显著提高芸豆产量,明显改善品质,且影响效果明显优于其他处理。相关性分析表明,芸豆产量、维生素C含量与MBC、ROC、有机碳氧化稳定系数和CPMI之间有极显著或显著的相关性,各指标间具有紧密的内在联系。综合分析认为,在芸豆/玉米轮作种植中配施鸡粪措施有利于提高土壤质量,增强土壤供肥性能,并促进芸豆的高产优质生长,其中鸡粪氮与尿素氮以3∶7比例搭配的作用效果最佳。     

Earthworm biomass response to soil management in semi-arid tropical Alfisol agroecosystems

Earthworms recorded during 1989–1993 across 15 soil management treatments, comprising three different tillagexthree organic amendments (bare, farmyard manure, and rice straw) and six perennial ley treatments, belonged to two endogeic species, Octochaetona phillotti (Michaelsen) and Lampito mauritii Kinberg, while in a nearby undisturbed natural revegetation area three species were found, including the above two and Octonochaeta rosea (Stephenson). The earthworm biomass showed significant temporal and spatial variations and was higher during the post monsoon period than in the early rainy season. No worm biomass was recorded during the dry season. In the tillage and organic amendment treatments, the biomass was drastically reduced from September 1989 to September 1991 after the application of carbofuran and some herbicides, and was significantly reduced during these two years compared to that of 1992. The maximum monthly earthworm biomass ranged between 2.5 and 17.9 g m^-2 across the treatments and increased several-fold in the nearby natural revegetation area (75.9 g m^-2). It significantly increased in perennial ley treatments compared to annual treatments with organic amendments. Thus the earthworm biomass varied significantly (P<0.01) across the 15 treatments, indicating discernible effects of soil management.Visiting Scientist (under the Rockefeller Foundation Environmental Research Fellowship in International Agriculture)     

Critical drainage and nitrate leaching losses from manures applied to freely draining soils in Great Britain

Abstract. Pig slurry was applied by open-slot injection to experimental plots on a sandy loam site at ADAS Gleadthorpe, Nottinghamshire. Volume and distribution of over-winter drainage were adjusted through the use of rainfall exclusion covers or irrigation. The resultant slurry N leaching over the range of drainage values tested (up to 300 mm) could be satisfactorily described by curve-fitting, using a quadratic or exponential function. Initial simulations of slurry N leaching using the manure nitrogen decision support system manner (v. 3.0) compared poorly with the experimental data, predicting both earlier and greater amounts of nitrate leaching. However, the lack of fit could be explained by consideration of the likely ammonia emissions following slurry injection, the actual volumetric soil moisture capacity at the experimental site and the likely time delay for the nitrification of slurry N following application. Good agreement between modelled and observed data was achieved when these factors were taken into account. The manner model was used to simulate nitrate leaching beyond the range of drainage treatments tested in the experiments and the anticipated sigmoidal relationship between nitrate leaching and drainage was observed. The model was then used to study the effects of manure application timing and the likely impact on nitrate leaching, across the range of rainfall conditions found in Great Britain. Simulations for a range of manure types were undertaken, with manures applied at rates up to the limit of permitted N loading on freely draining sandy loams. Rainfall inputs for these simulations were based on long-term average climatic data. Results are presented for two contrasting manure types, cattle slurry and poultry manure, both of which are subject to controls in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) in Great Britain.