Nitrogen release dynamics of a slow release urea pellet and its effect on growth,yield, and nutrient uptake of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Manure urea pellets were produced and their nitrogen release rate was evaluated in soil incubation at different water contents of 90, 75, and 60% soil filed capacity (FC). In another experiment, sweet basil growth was evaluated during eight months (with three shoot harvests) under the pellet application. The nitrogen release and pellet dispersion rates were slow after two months or at lower soil water content (60% FC), but they were significant after four months of soil incubation, or at higher soil water content (75 or particularly 90% FC). Application of pelleted urea reduced plant growth and yield at first harvest than urea treatment. However, at second and particularly at third harvest (and the average of three harvests) significant improvement in growth parameters of SPAD value, leaf area, plant height, shoot fresh weight, pot yield, and` leaf N and K concentrations were achieved by application of pelleted urea fertilization.     

绿洲灌区玉米产量及水分利用对绿肥还田方式的响应

针对绿洲灌区小麦-玉米长期连作,麦后休闲期长、光热水资源利用效率不高等问题,研究麦后复种绿肥对轮作玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响有重要意义。在石羊河流域,于2017—2019年度通过田间试验研究了麦后复种绿肥的不同还田利用方式(全量翻压、地表覆盖免耕、地上部收获后根茬翻压、地上部收获后免耕和不复种绿肥传统翻耕对照)对后茬玉米产量形成和水分利用特征的影响。两年试验结果表明,绿肥地表覆盖免耕和全量翻压处理玉米籽粒产量平均达14 274.9kg·hm~(-2)和14 687.5kg·hm~(-2),较不复种绿肥翻耕处理(对照)显著提高18.2%和20.4%(P0.05)。绿肥地表覆盖免耕条件下,玉米穗数、穗粒数、百粒重分别较不复种绿肥翻耕处理(对照)平均高5.4%、9.6%、20.8%(P0.05),且较根茬还田处理(翻压、免耕)增幅显著。与此同时,绿肥地表覆盖免耕和全量翻压显著增加玉米叶面积指数、干物质累积量和平均净同化率。绿肥地表覆盖免耕处理水分利用效率平均达24.4kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1),较不复种绿肥翻耕处理(对照)显著提高29.9%(P0.05),该处理较不复种绿肥翻耕处理(对照)显著提高玉米播前土壤贮水量26.9%(P0.05),平均达280.7mm,且该条件下玉米全生育期耗水量显著低于其他绿肥还田处理。绿肥根茬还田处理(翻压、免耕)下,玉米平均水分利用效率分别较不复种绿肥翻耕处理显著高16.7%、16.0%(P0.05)。因此,在干旱绿洲灌区,麦后复种绿肥地表覆盖免耕获得玉米高产的同时,实现了水资源的高效利用。     

土壤不同形态碳氮含量和酶活性对培养时间及外源碳投入的响应

在绿色农业科技的推动下,有机物料资源化利用备受青睐,但有机物料种类不同对土壤肥力的提升效果不同,为探究有机物料施用对潮土不同形态碳氮含量及酶活性的动态影响,通过为期1年的培养试验,设置添加10 g/kg的秸秆菌渣(S)、树枝菌渣(B)、小麦秸秆(W)、黑麦草秸秆(R)和蚕豆秸秆(BB),并以空白处理作为对照(CK)。结果表明:与CK相比,有机物料施用显著增加土壤不同形态碳氮含量及酶活性,随培养时间的延长,有机碳及全氮含量呈增加的趋势,增幅分别为25.4%～42.9%和35%～60%,易氧化有机碳和碱解氮含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,最大值分别为2.80,43.26 mg/kg,水溶性有机碳、微生物量碳氮和酶活性则呈下降的趋势,最大值分别为346 mg/kg,293μg/g和23.08μg/g。有机物料施用会增加土壤酶活性提高土壤呼吸速率,通过对3个取样期7种水解酶的分析发现,酶活性表现为:LAPPHOSNAGBGCBAGXYL,即参与氮循环酶活性参与磷循环酶活性参与碳循环酶活性,绿肥秸秆主要增加氮循环酶活性,且以BB处理酶活性最高,菌菇渣主要增加碳循环酶活性,B处理酶活性高于S处理。有机物料施用会影响土壤酶活性,增加不同形态碳氮含量,但增幅因有机物料种类不同而有所差异,且碳氮组分对培养时间的响应不一。总体而言,小麦秸秆和蚕豆秸秆腐殖化系数最高,对不同组分碳氮含量增加效果最优。     

Mineralization of Organic Nitrogen in Soils with Contrasting Fertility Was Regulated Differently by Addition of Biochar and Animal Manures

ABSTRACT

How to restore the soil fertility and productivity in a damaged and then reclaimed area with extremely low fertility is a big concern worldwide. To explore the method of soil restoration in the coal mining subsidence area, the effects of biochar application coupled with organic fertilizer (animal manures) on the process of organic nitrogen (N) mineralization were studied in a 149 days leaching experiment. Biochar were applied (wt/wt) at the rates of 0%, 1%, and 3%. Two organic fertilizers with different C/N ratio (chicken and sheep manures) were applied at the rate of 200 mg N·kg^?1 soil. A vegetable soil with high-fertility was used as the comparison. The results showed that when treated with chicken manure, the reclaimed soil had 11.13% lower mineralization potential and 20.00% lower inorganic nitrogen production from mineralization than the vegetable soil. Compared with the non-biochar treatment, biochar at both application rates decreased N leaching in chicken manure-treated reclaimed soil, i.e., by 21.49% (1% biochar) and 28.31% (3% biochar), respectively, whereas only high rate of biochar application decreased N leaching in chicken manure-treated vegetable soil by 8.10%. However, N leaching in sheep manure-treated reclaimed soil was unaffected by the biochar application. Thus, the effect of the biochar on the organic nitrogen mineralization was affected by both soil and organic fertilizer type.     

西瓜根系分泌酸性磷酸酶对有机肥营养的响应

有机肥营养对西瓜品质具有提升效果,但根系对有机肥中养分的吸收机制尚不完全清楚,尤其对磷素的利用机制。本研究关注西瓜根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性对有机肥施用的响应。采用模拟西瓜根系分泌物的方法研究有机酸对有机肥中可溶性全磷和有效磷含量的影响;采用砂培的方法,研究有机肥中的磷替代化肥磷时西瓜根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性的响应;采用田间试验研究有机肥替代化肥以及有机肥不同施用量对西瓜根际酸性磷酸酶活性、西瓜磷营养、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,有机肥中水浸提可溶性全磷含量为6.9 g?kg~(-1),可溶性无机磷含量为525.1 mg?kg~(-1),可溶性全磷中无机磷占7.6%,有机磷占92.4%,可溶性有机磷需经过水解后才能被根系吸收。有机肥中磷替代化肥磷时,西瓜根系和根际土壤酸性磷酸酶活性均显著提高,西瓜茎、叶中磷含量提高。施用三倍有机肥时西瓜根际土壤有效磷含量和西瓜产量提高。因此,有机肥中磷替代化肥磷时,西瓜通过提高根系分泌酸性磷酸酶的活性而提高利用有机磷的能力。     

Potential of Fodder Soybean Genotypes for Phosphorus Removal in Poultry Manure-Enriched Soils

Plant-based phosphorus (P) remediation strategies have been suggested to reduce high P accumulation in soil. Eleven fodder soybean genotypes were evaluated to explore their potential for the removal of P from poultry manure-enriched soils. Field experiments were conducted at a site that had a history of heavy poultry manure applications. Green house experiments were conducted using the soils selected for field trials to confirm the results. Harvesting of whole plants, excluding roots of the genotypes, was done at the pod formation stages and plant samples were oven dried at 70°C for three days. The dry samples were ground and analyzed for total P content. Genotype 091734, provided the maximum P removal from amended and unamended soils. Fodder soybean genotypes could play an important role in the extraction of P from poultry manure-enriched soils, which are important from the ecological point of view.     

畜禽粪便固液分离技术特点及效率评估

该文对常用畜禽粪便固液分离技术进行分析,评估出各分离技术的优缺点、适用对象、分离效果和性价比,为企业选择粪便固液分离设备提供参考。研究结果表明:重力分离技术成本最低,分离粒径小于1 mm的有机物效果最好,但分离后固相含水率过高(90%),一般作为其他技术的预处理。筛分技术对于分离大粒径的有机颗粒物最有效,投资相对小,运行费用低;但对氮磷等营养元素分离效率较低,分离后的固相的含水率偏高,分离产物可用于固态发酵。压滤技术提高了磷元素的分离效率和固相含水率,但运营成本也增加,分离产物可用于有机肥生产。沉淀离心技术对去除细小颗粒最为有效,并能够去除氮磷元素,但运营成本太高,在中国推广难度大。絮凝剂能和大多数的分离技术结合使用从而提高分离效率。所有固液分离技术都不能分离畜禽粪便中的挥发性脂肪酸,因此也不能有效去除液相中的生化需氧量和臭味。多种分离技术的联合使用,在提高营养物质的分离效率的同时,降低固相的含水率将是未来技术发展的主要方向。     

适于猪场污水中快速生长富油微藻的筛选

微藻的大规模培养以及生产生物燃料在很大程度上依赖于所使用的微藻藻株性能.为了从自然水域中筛选、分离能够异养生长并同步处理养猪废水和实现油脂积累的高油脂产率微藻,本研究采用平板划线、单胞分离和毛细管分离3种方法,对51个采样点的样品进行分离、纯化,获得了118株藻,71株能够进行异养生长,其中33株能够在猪场污水中生长,且17株藻生长良好.根据形态特征对分离得到的部分藻株初步鉴定为小球藻(Chlorella sp.)和栅藻(Scenedesmus sp.).比较这17株藻在猪场污水中的生长速率和油脂含量,藻株13-6、19-4、20-6和34-2的比生长速率分别为0.147、0.162、0.177和0.154 d-1,较其他藻株生长更快;19-4、24-1和34-2的油脂含量分别为19.7％、22.9％和28.8％,高于其他藻株.从中选取生长快且油脂含量高的藻株19-4和34-2经18S rDNA鉴定为Chlorella sorokinlana和Chlorella sp.,分别命名为C.sorokinlana 19-4 (GenBank登录号:KU948990)和Chlorella sp.34-2 (GenBank登录号:KU948991).将微藻培养体系扩大至30 L反应器,利用稀释猪场污水培养C.sorokinlana 19-4和Chlorella sp.34-2,最大比生长速率分别达到0.153和0.149 d-1;油脂含量分别达到18.73％和29.27％;最大生物量浓度分别达到0.78和1.12 g/L.C.sorokinlana 19-4对废水培养基中总氮、总磷的最高去除率分别高达70.56％和90.98％,34-2则分别为60.24％和85.07％.脂肪酸组分分析表明,Chlorella sp.34-2主要含有Cl6∶0、C18∶2n6c及C18∶3n3,其脂肪酸组分含量符合生物柴油生产的原料要求标准.结果说明这两株微藻在净化废水和生产生物柴油中具有潜在的应用前景.利用猪场污水养殖微藻,既可以节约大量营养盐成本,促进微藻生物柴油产业的推进,又可以净化污水,促进水资源再利用,实现能源与环境的双赢.     

不同用量有机肥对陇东旱塬黑垆土磷素形态转化及有效性的影响

以覆盖黑垆土土壤为材料,研究了不同用量有机肥对土壤磷素有效性及不同形态无机磷含量的影响。结果表明:在陇东旱塬黑垆土上施肥能够增加全磷、有效磷含量,有机肥增加效果更明显,且随有机肥施用量的增加而增加。无磷肥输入的氮肥处理区,活性较强的Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、A1-P和Fe-P含量都有所降低,而较稳定态的O-P和Ca_(10)-P含量则有所提高。与CK相比,有机肥处理随有机肥用量的增加,Ca_2-P、Ca_(10)-P、A1-P含量表现为增加,而Ca_8-P、Fe-P、O-P则相反。同时Ca_2-P与有机质、有效磷显著正相关,与p H值显著负相关。因此,在本试验条件下,从有效态的Ca_2-P和难溶性的Ca_(10)-P含量变化来看,在施等量氮的基础上配施农家肥60 000 kg·hm~(-2)更有利于活化土壤磷和减缓磷吸附,从而提高磷素的有效性。     

两种有机肥在甘蔗-花生套种模式中的施用效果

为研究木薯皮、鸡粪在蔗区套种模式中的还田施用效果,分别设置化肥配施木薯皮(T1)、配施鸡粪(T2)、配施半量木薯皮和半量鸡粪(T3)3个处理,以甘蔗单种化肥处理(CK1)或甘蔗套种花生化肥处理(CK2)为对照,比较各处理作物产量、品质、效益及花生秸秆还田后土壤肥力的变化。结果表明,T1、T2、T3与CK2相比,大大增加了花生产量、纯收益,花生秸秆还田后土壤速效氮磷钾含量明显提高;T1处理的纯收益最高,比CK1处理增收花生3720.9 kg hm~(-2),增加纯收益17675.4元hm~(-2),但该处理对花生粗脂肪及甘蔗产量有一定负面影响;T2处理的花生产量、总效益和花生秸秆还田后的土壤速效氮磷钾、有机质含量最高,比CK1处理增收花生4270.8 kg hm~(-2);T3处理比CK1处理增收花生3904.2 kg hm~(-2),花生粗脂肪含量达51.3%,增加纯收益17442.15元hm~(-2),还提高了花生秸秆还田后的土壤速效氮磷钾、有机质含量。综合考虑,甘蔗套种花生(化肥配施半量木薯皮和半量鸡粪)是较好的种植和养分管理模式,值得大面积推广。