可发酵碳水化合物减少猪场臭气的机理和应用

可发酵碳水化合物,添加在猪日粮中到达后肠作为微生物发酵的底物,通过改变猪肠道和粪便中的微生物及其发酵过程,改变粪尿的理化特性,来减少氨的挥发以及臭气的产生.本文对臭气和除臭方法进行了简单的介绍,并综述了通过在猪日粮中添加可发酵碳水化合物来控制猪场臭气的机理和应用效果.     

黑土培肥效果的定位研究——Ⅱ 土壤养分的变化

不同培肥措施对土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷的积累为:有机肥>秸秆还田>草木樨还田>化肥>对照;速效钾的累积增长为秸秆还田居首位,有机肥次之,对照区呈下降趋势。有机物料的培肥效果优于化肥。     

奶牛养殖场粪污处理沼气工程技术与模式

本文综述了国内外奶牛养殖场沼气工程技术应用现状,分析了奶牛粪沼气发酵潜力和三种主要沼气发酵工艺的技术特点.     

中国农田畜禽粪尿磷负荷量及环境风险分析

准确掌握不同地区畜禽粪尿和磷负荷量及其环境风险,为畜禽养殖总量控制、合理布局和还田利用提供决策依据。基于统计数据和文献资料,利用磷的猪粪当量(P)估算了我国畜禽粪尿量和各类畜禽粪尿比例的时空变化,分析和评价了当前各省份畜禽粪尿和磷资源量及其土地负荷量和污染风险,并根据畜禽粪尿还田率估算了当前各省份畜禽粪尿及其磷还田量,并进行环境风险评价。结果表明:中国畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(P)及其磷量1978年至2005年快速增加,2006年至2016年保持稳定。截止2016年,猪粪当量(P)约21.23亿t,磷量约545万t,比1978年均增长123%,华北地区畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(P)及其磷量最大,约占全国总量的23%和9%。区域水平上,按耕地面积计算,东南和西南地区负荷量较大,为Ⅴ级,有严重污染风险,按农作物种植面积计算,东南和西南地区较大,为Ⅳ级,有较严重污染风险,按农用地计算,东南、长江中下游和华北地区负荷量较大,为Ⅳ级,有较严重污染风险。省级单元上,湖南负荷量最大,其次是北京、广东和河南,这些省份为Ⅴ级,有严重污染风险。全国畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(P)及其磷还田量分别为11.51亿t和295万t,折合成单位农用地面积分别为3.1 t·hm(~-2)和8.0 kg·hm(~-2)。区域上东南地区还田最多,分别为10.3 t·hm(~-2)和26.3 kg·hm(~-2),为Ⅲ级,有污染风险,其次是华北和长江中下游地区,为Ⅱ级,稍有污染风险,而东北、西南和西北地区相对较低,为Ⅰ级,无污染风险。省级单元上湖南和北京还田较多,为Ⅳ级,有较严重污染风险,华北、长江中下游、东南地区的多数省份和部分西南地区省份农用地畜禽粪尿磷还田量接近或大于50%单位土地面积畜禽粪尿磷的年施用限量,具有较高的污染风险。研究表明,不同区域和省份畜禽粪尿磷负荷量和还田量污染风险具有较大差异,但多数省份尤其华北、长江中下游、东南地区的畜禽粪尿磷污染风险较大。     

不同配比菇渣和牛粪基质的性状及其对幼苗生长的影响

[目的]研究菇渣和牛粪有机复合基质在番茄、黄瓜和西瓜育苗上的最佳基质配比。[方法]以充分腐熟的菇渣和牛粪基质为原料,形成不同配比有机复合育苗基质,以草炭和蛭石（2∶1,V/V）为对照,采用穴盘育苗的方法,研究了菇渣有机复合基质理化性状,及其对番茄、黄瓜和西瓜生长的效应。[结果]不同配比菇渣和牛粪有机复合基质容重、孔隙度均在适宜理想基质要求范围之内,与对照相比,较高比例牛粪复合基质pH偏碱,EC值偏高,不适宜作物正常生长,而适宜比例牛粪复合基质理化性质适合幼苗正常生长,幼苗生长健壮。[结论]番茄和西瓜幼苗的生长对复合基质中牛粪的响应相似,均表现出菇渣∶牛粪为3∶1的复合基质育苗效果最好,黄瓜以复合基质菇渣∶牛粪∶河砂为2∶1∶0.5的育苗效果最好。     

畜禽粪便固液分离技术特点及效率评估

该文对常用畜禽粪便固液分离技术进行分析,评估出各分离技术的优缺点、适用对象、分离效果和性价比,为企业选择粪便固液分离设备提供参考。研究结果表明:重力分离技术成本最低,分离粒径小于1 mm的有机物效果最好,但分离后固相含水率过高(90%),一般作为其他技术的预处理。筛分技术对于分离大粒径的有机颗粒物最有效,投资相对小,运行费用低;但对氮磷等营养元素分离效率较低,分离后的固相的含水率偏高,分离产物可用于固态发酵。压滤技术提高了磷元素的分离效率和固相含水率,但运营成本也增加,分离产物可用于有机肥生产。沉淀离心技术对去除细小颗粒最为有效,并能够去除氮磷元素,但运营成本太高,在中国推广难度大。絮凝剂能和大多数的分离技术结合使用从而提高分离效率。所有固液分离技术都不能分离畜禽粪便中的挥发性脂肪酸,因此也不能有效去除液相中的生化需氧量和臭味。多种分离技术的联合使用,在提高营养物质的分离效率的同时,降低固相的含水率将是未来技术发展的主要方向。     

长期有机无机肥配施对褐土微生物生物量碳、氮量及酶活性的影响

通过对山西省寿阳长期定位试验田0―20 cm和20―40 cm的土壤测定和分析,探讨了长期有机无机肥配施下褐土微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性的变化以及相关性。结果表明,褐土微生物生物量C、N变化基本一致。褐土微生物生物量碳、氮从0―20 cm到20―40 cm土层均呈减少趋势;长期单施高量有机肥、有机无机肥合理配施都能提高褐土微生物生物量碳、氮;不同用量的长期单施化肥处理不能使微生物生物量C、N显著增加。脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性从0―20 cm到20―40 cm土层呈减少趋势;长期单施高量有机肥和有机无机肥合理配施可使褐土脲酶及碱性磷酸酶活性增加。脲酶活性随单施化肥量的增加有变大趋势,而碱性磷酸酶活性则呈变小趋势。土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤酶活性及土壤养分之间的显著相关性表明,微生物生物量C、N和土壤酶活性可以判断褐土土壤有机质和N素状况,可作为评价褐土土壤肥力水平和土壤培肥效果的生物学指标,同时也可为提高褐土土壤肥力水平和土壤培肥效果提供依据。     

滑子菇渣与猪粪不同配比对堆肥腐殖质组成的影响

【目的】探究不同施肥配比对堆肥腐殖质组成的影响。【方法】以滑子菇渣为基础材料,通过添加不同比例猪粪,对腐殖质的结构进行分析,并筛选滑子菇渣与猪粪堆制有机肥料的最佳配比。【结果】滑子菇渣与猪粪不同配比堆肥的水溶性有机物以及胡敏酸碳的含量均随着堆肥过程先下降,再缓慢上升;胡富比均在15 d时显著下降,随着堆肥进程胡富比有所上升,堆肥结束时处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ(滑子菇渣︰猪粪质量比分别为0︰10,1︰9,3︰7,5︰5和7︰3)的胡富比均显著高于起始值,分别是起始值的7.14、3.23、1.22、4.38和2.52倍,且处理Ⅳ的胡富比处于最佳水平;处理Ⅳ的胡敏素碳含量高于其他处理。【结论】滑子菇渣与猪粪按不同配比堆肥与单施滑子菇渣或单施猪粪处理相比,腐殖质组分有机碳量更具优势,有利于堆肥腐殖质的组成含量及土壤肥力的提高。合适的滑子菇渣与猪粪配比条件下,随着胡富比的增加,土壤腐殖质的聚合程度以及腐殖化度提高。有机物料能够提高各结合形态腐殖质含量,改善土壤有机质结构,滑子菇渣与猪粪质量比为5︰5时,效果相对好于其他处理。     

Arsenic accumulation by rice grown in soil treated with roxarsone

Poultry litter is widely used as a fertilizer for lowland rice in Taiwan and China. However, the organic‐arsenic compound roxarsone (additive of poultry feed) in poultry litter can be absorbed by the plants and the resulting arsenic (As) contamination may pose a serious threat to human health. This study used various amounts of poultry litter contaminated with roxarsone in pot experiments to evaluate the effect of roxarsone on rice agronomic parameters and the bioaccumulation of total and inorganic As in rice‐plant tissues. Rice‐grain yield decreased significantly with increasing As content of the soil, and the critical threshold that killed rice was 200 mg roxarsone (kg soil)^–1. The As concentrations in root, straw, leaf, husk, and grain increased with increasing soil As (p < 1%). At 100 mg roxarsone per kg of soil, the As concentration in the rice grain exceeded the statutory permissible limit of 1.0 mg As (kg dry weight)^–1 and at 25 mg roxarsone (kg soil)^–1, the inorganic As concentrations in grains exceeded the statutory limit of 0.15 mg of inorganic As kg^–1 in China. For all treatments, the As concentrations in various plant tissues at maturity follow the order: root > stem > leaf > husk > grain. Arsenite was the predominant species in root, straw, and grain, while arsenate was the predominant species in leaf and husk. No significant difference existed between the amounts of arsenite and arsenate when various amounts of poultry litter were applied. This result illustrates that large amounts of added roxarsone are not only toxic to rice but also accumulate in grains in the inorganic As forms, potentially posing a threat to human health via the food chain.     

Tree and crop productivity in gliricidia/maize/pigeonpea cropping systems in southern Malawi

This study examined the hypothesis that incorporation of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.) (gliricidia), a fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing tree, into agroforestry systems in southern Malawi may be used to increase the input of organic fertilizer and reduce the need for expensive inorganic fertilizers. The productivity of maize (Zea mays L.), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) and gliricidia grown as sole stands or in mixed cropping systems was examined at Makoka Research Station (latitude 15° 30′ S, longitude 35° 15′ E) and a nearby farm site at Nazombe between 1996 and 2000. Treatments included gliricidia intercropped with maize, with or without pigeonpea, and sole stands of gliricidia, maize and pigeonpea. Trees in the agroforestry systems were pruned before and during the cropping season to provide green leaf manure. Maize yields and biomass production by each component were determined and fractional light interception was measured during the reproductive stage of maize. Substantial quantities of green leaf manure (2.4 to 9.0 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) were produced from the second or third year after tree establishment. Green leaf manure and fuelwood production were greatest when gliricidia was grown as unpruned sole woodlots (c. 8.0 and 22 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ respectively). Improvements in maize yield in the tree-based systems also became significant in the third year, when c. 3.0 Mg ha⁻¹ of grain was obtained. Tree-based cropping systems were most productive and exhibited greater fractional light interception (c. 0.6 to 0.7) than cropping systems without trees (0.1 to 0.4). No beneficial influence of pigeonpea on maize performance was apparent either in the presence or absence of gliricidia at either site in most seasons. However, as unpruned gliricidia provided the greatest interception of incident solar radiation (>0.9), coppicing may be required to reduce shading when gliricidia is grown together with maize. As pigeonpea production was unaffected by the presence of gliricidia, agroforestry systems containing gliricidia might be used to replace traditional maize + pigeonpea systems in southern Malawi. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.