哺乳动物胎盘营养感应研究进展

妊娠期间母体营养的改变会影响胎儿的生长发育,而胎盘是母体-胎儿间进行气体、营养和代谢物交流的重要枢纽,哺乳动物胎盘营养感应系统响应母体和胎儿营养信号的变化,保证母体健康和胎儿生长发育。鉴于胎盘营养感应系统对哺乳动物繁育的重要性,本文从胎盘营养感应和胎盘养分分配方面综述了哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)、磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)、氨基己糖(Hexosamine)信号通路、糖原合成酶3(glycogen synthase kinase,GSK-3)、胰岛素/胰岛素样生长因子(insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway,IIS)等信号通路及其对妊娠期养分响应和对胎儿发育的影响,以期为哺乳动物的繁育提供参考依据。     

槲皮素对猪肠上皮细胞利用蛋白质的作用机制

本试验旨在研究槲皮素促进猪肠上皮细胞利用蛋白质的作用及机制.猪肠上皮细胞孵育48 h后试验组分别用含0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8和1.6 mg/L槲皮素的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)溶液处理72 h,对照组采用0.2％DMSO处理.采用二喹啉甲酸(BCA)测定受试细胞中蛋白质的含量;采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)...     

Effects of variable protein and lipid proportion in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) diets on fillet structure and quality

Juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) were fed with seven experimental diets containing different proportions of protein and lipid (P/L): 38/29, 41/26, 44/25, 47/23, 50/22, 54/21 and 57/20 per cent of dry matter, respectively. After 12 weeks, fish fed on diet 38/29 (P/L) showed the lowest food efficiency and final weight. A correlation between the hepatosomatic index and fat content in the diets was observed, together with a decrease in muscle glycogen in animals fed with a 38/29 (P/L) diet. Whilst no statistical differences were found in flesh texture, a clear relationship was observed between elasticity and fibre density. Fillet Chroma was altered in the animals fed with the 38/29 (P/L) diet. The same group showed a decrease in hepatic growth factor receptor (c‐met) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in white muscle. Protein content in the diets correlated with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation in muscle. In conclusion, we have shown that the substitution of protein by lipid in sea bream diets can be performed up to a certain percentage without affecting fish growth, and we have demonstrated that several molecules such as MyoD, mTOR, PCNA and c‐met are affected by the dietary ratio of protein to lipid and could be potential flesh quality markers.     

谷胱甘肽和活性氧对哺乳动物配子作用的研究进展

文章综述了近年来关于谷胱甘肽对哺乳动物精子、卵母细胞和胚胎早期发育的作用及活性氧对精子功能的影响。在雄性和雌性配子中,谷胱甘肽起着保护精子和卵母细胞免受氧化损害的作用。在卵母细胞减数分裂中谷胱甘肽具有维持纺锤体形态的作用,受精后,巯基在精核的形成中起着积极的作用,并促进早期胚胎发育到囊胚阶段。在卵母细胞成熟过程中,谷胱甘肽的浓度发生着变化。它的合成受促性腺激素的调节,在精子的发生过程中随着精子的成熟,谷胱甘肽的浓度逐渐降低,但活性氧对精子功能也有多方面的作用。文章对卵丘细胞中小分子巯基化合物在谷胱甘肽合成中的重要作用也进行了综述。     

The Domestic Livestock Resources of Turkey: Status,Use and Some Physical Characteristics of Mules

Mules are known to have been used as carriage and riding animals in Mesopotamia and Anatolia as early as the beginning of the second millennium BC but may have been first bred in Anatolia in the Third Century BC. They have thus contributed to Turkey’s cultural, social and economic heritage for more than 4,000 years and were an ancient component of its guild of domestic animals and overall biodiversity. Once bred country-wide most mules are now introduced “illegally” to the southeast and east from Iraq and Iran. Mules are now bred only in one small area in north-central Turkey close to the Black Sea. The major role as a pack animal has been usurped since the mid-twentieth century by increasing use of motor transport and numbers have declined rapidly since the early 1980s. In 2009 about 51,500 mules remained in Turkey, mainly distributed in discrete areas in the extreme southeast, the centre-south, the northwest and the centre-north. In the southeast the main role is in cross-border trade (much of it described as smuggling) whereas in other areas mules are used in support of pastoral and farming operations. Mules in Turkey are of various colours but are generally large and strong compared to those found in many other countries. Pressure on numbers will continue and will exert a negative effect on a part of Turkey’s national heritage and domestic animal biodiversity.     

哺乳动物肺发生的调控

哺乳动物肺的发育起始于从前肠内胚层发育而来的成对肺芽突起，它以分支形态发生和肺特异性细胞分化的遗传预定模式侵入周围的中胚层间质。呼吸上皮 分化很可能受复杂的细胞－细胞间相互作用的影响，并且受影响前肠组织中转录因子表达的自分泌、旁分泌和体液信号的影响。在肺形态发生和基因表达中，若干个转录因子家庭起关键作用，包括同源[异型]域蛋白甲状腺转录因子－1（TTF－1），翼状－螺旋家族成员肝细胞核因子－3β（HNF-3β）和GIi家族中的锌指转录因子。TGF－β诱导不同类型停滞细胞（包括肺上皮细胞）的生长的一批蛋白的表达，其中一些蛋白沉积于肺泡外基质中。     

哺乳动物体细胞核移植技术研究进展

本文综述了哺乳动物核移植研究的历史、现状、意义及存在问题，对其发展趋势也提出了自己的一些看法。     

Conservation of mammalian biodiversity in coffee plantations of Central Veracruz, Mexico

The diversity and organization of the mammalian community is related to the vegetation structure of the coffee plantations in the area of Barranca Grande, in the State of Veracruz, Mexico. Four transects (each 200 m in length) were used to study the vegetation structure within the coffee plantation, and 178 night/traps, tracks registration and information from local people, were used in order to become familiar with the mammaliancommunity. The sample period was from October 1989 to February 1991. The 24 mammals of medium-size species present in the area were classified using two measures of ecological diversity, locomotion and foraging in order to understand the guild organization. If the complexity of the plantation is reduced, the number of guilds occupied could suffer a loss of 45% and 43% in ecological richness and diversity, respectively, and 24% in the equitability of the mammalian fauna. We recommend the maintenance of a high diversity in the tree stratum (shade species), in this case, species such as Inga jinicuil, banana (Musa sapientum), Citrus spp., coyo avocado (Persea schiedeana), mango (Mangifera indica); species which could provide food resources and protection for the mammals.

---

Resumen En el área de Barranca Grande, Estado de Veracruz, México, se estudió la relación que tiene la estructura de la vegetación de los cultivos de café con la diversidad de la comunidad de mamíferos medianos. Para ello, se establecieron 4 transectos fijos de 200 m de largo cada uno, en los que se tomaron los datos de los diferentes estratos. Para conocer la fauna demamíferos, se hizo un muestreo con trampas Tomahawk (178 noches/trampas), registro de rastros así como encuestas a la gente que vive en la zona, entre Octubre de 1989 y Febrero de 1991. Se registraron 24 especies de mamíferos medianos que fueron clasificados utilizando dos medidas de diversidad ecológica, locomoción y forrajeo, para conocer la organización en gremios. Si se reduce la complejidad de los cafetales, puede existir una reducción hasta del 45% en el número de gremios ocupados, 43% en la riqueza y en la diversidad ecológica, y 24% en la equitatividad. Se recomienda mantener una alta diversidad en el estrato arbóreo, en este caso especies como el jinicuil (Inga jinicuil), plátanos (Musa sapientum), cítricos (Citrus spp.), pagua o aguacate (Persea schiedeana), mango (Mangifera indica), serían recomendables ya que proporcionan recursos alimenticios y protección a la mayoría de los mamíferos.

     

哺乳动物透明带糖蛋白研究进展

哺乳动物的精卵识别是通过精子表面糖蛋白和透明带（ＺＰ）糖蛋白的特异性识别完成的，这两种糖蛋白结构互补。透明带糖蛋白有三种成分（ＺＰ１、ＺＰ２和ＺＰ３），其中ＺＰ３被认为是第一精子受体，能与顶体完整的精子结合，并诱发体反应（ＡＲ）；ＺＰ２是第二精子受体，与发生ＡＲ的精子结合；ＺＰ１只起连续ＺＰ２和ＺＰ３的作用。用ＺＰ糖蛋白免疫哺乳动物可造成卵巢功能早衰（ＰＯＦ），ＺＰ－α，β作为异种载体蛋白诱发的抗     

牛分枝杆菌哺乳动物细胞侵入蛋白4A(Mce4A)的原核表达、纯化及其圆二色谱分析

将牛分枝杆菌哺乳动物细胞侵入蛋白4A(Mammalian cell-entry protein 4A,Mce4A)基因克隆至原核表达载体pET30a( )中,得到重组表达载体pET30-mce4A,转入宿主菌BL21(DE3)中,获得大量表达,表达量占菌体蛋白总量的52%,大小约为43 Ku。经Ni-NTA琼脂糖亲和层析获得Mce4A重组蛋白;圆二色谱(CD)测定结果表明,Mce4A重组蛋白α螺旋含量为31.1%,β-折叠含量为0%,无规卷曲含量为61.0%,转角含量为7.9%。为进一步开展牛分枝杆菌致病机理的研究和寻找新的药物作用靶位点奠定了基础。