基于医学CT和工业CT扫描研究土壤大孔隙结构特征的区别

为探究医学CT与工业CT在土壤大孔隙特征扫描研究应用的区别,选取青海地区金露梅灌丛原状土壤样品,分别采用医学和工业2种CT对其进行扫描,通过对扫描图像的分析和处理,对比分析2种CT扫描的断层图像质量、土壤大孔隙三维图像以及孔隙度特征3个方面特征,分析2种CT研究土壤大孔隙特征的差异。研究结果表明:(1)从扫描土壤横断面图像质量来看,工业CT的图像质量要明显高于医学CT图像;(2)2种CT图像经处理堆栈出的三维图像在形态上相似,但是工业CT解析出的三维图能更好地体现出不同深度的土壤孔隙分布;(3)2种CT图像经处理得到的孔隙度,随着土壤深度的变化,其特征在整体趋势上大致相同,但工业CT能更准确地反映较深层次土壤的孔隙度。因此可以根据不同的需求选择适宜的CT。     

水及溶质在大孔隙土壤中运移的实验研究进展

详细介绍了有关水及溶质在有大孔隙的土壤中运移确定土壤大孔隙大小分布的实验及含有大孔隙土壤的水流实验。指出今后应进行大量的室内外实验和改进观测方法来获得大量的数据资料 ,从定性和定量二方面来研究大孔隙流。最后介绍了分形几何在土壤大孔隙流研究中所取得的成果 ,指出应用分形几何确定土壤大孔隙流性质是一种省时、省力和代表性的好的方法     

染色法测定、计算机解译农田土壤中大孔隙数量的研究

利用染色和计算机解译的方法来确定太湖地区3种主要水稻土（白土、黄泥土和乌栅土）的优势流路径和大孔隙的分布状况。将土壤染色后，所拍摄的剖面染色图片经过Photoshop 8．0和ArcGIS8．0处理，将所染的蓝色由深到浅平均分成10个等级，以此分析土壤剖面中大、小孔隙的比例。分析结果表明：（1）3种土壤剖面的优势流深度相差不大，均在80cm左右。但因为乌栅土的地下水位较高（最高可达70cm）。所以优势流对鸟栅土的地下水影响最大。（2）土壤剖面中不同深处的染色百分比与该处土壤容重有显著的相关性。土壤容重越大，染色百分比就越小。（3）不同土壤剖面大孔隙的数量和孔隙体积相差很大。在白土和黄泥土的所有土壤层次上以及乌栅土的剖面上第三至第四层，蓝色最深的两个等级之和的百分比即是剖面上该层〉1mm的大孔隙含量。另外在乌栅土剖面上的第一至第二层〉1mm的大孔隙含量数值与经染色后产生蓝色最深的3个等级百分数之和相当。     

冻融循环恢复土壤压实过程中大孔隙作用研究

农机压实土壤的问题很难避免，而农田压实土壤的结构恢复至关重要，冻融循环是恢复压实土壤的有效方法。为了研究冻融循环+大孔隙对恢复压实土壤的作用，通过室内试验重塑压实土壤及人工孔隙措施模拟大孔隙，在不同土壤含水率条件下设计不同的冻融循环次数，利用温度传感器监测土壤温度波动，同时对比冻融循环前后压实土壤孔隙与团聚体参数的变化。结果表明，冻融循环过程中，有人工孔隙压实土壤在高、低两种含水率条件下，分别在第3次和第2次冻融循环时开始大幅温度波动，相同含水率条件下无人工孔隙的压实土壤温度大幅波动则出现在第7次和第4次冻融循环，经历多次冻融循环后，有人工孔隙压实土壤的团聚体平均尺度、结构系数等参数均优于无人工孔隙的压实土壤。人工孔隙可通过调节土壤温度波动改变冻融循环在土壤中的作用强度，加速压实土壤结构恢复进程，冻融循环+大孔隙策略是改善土壤孔隙及团聚体结构的有效措施。     

Hydrophysical degradation associated with hiking‐trail use: a case study of Hawai'iloa Ridge Trail,O'ahu,Hawai'i

Recreational activities can have significant impacts on geomorphic and hydrologic processes in drainage basins, often out of proportion to their areal extent. With increased stress on hiking trails nationwide, there is a need to characterize the impacts of human trampling on soil properties. We examine an 810 m segment of Hawai'iloa Ridge Trail (O'ahu, Hawai'i, USA). Soil compaction and surface erosion on moderate to steeply sloping sites have degraded the trail environment. Bulk density, penetration resistance, and vane shear strength were significantly higher on the trail than in adjacent undisturbed areas, with median differences ranging from 29 to 120 per cent. With compaction and exposure of subsoil on the trail, void ratio, air‐filled porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, effective and preferential porosity were significantly lower, with relative change values ranging from 23–93 per cent. No significant changes were noted in meso‐ or micro‐porosity, but macropores with a radius of >110 μm decreased significantly by 58 per cent for on‐trail locations. This comprehensive dataset indicates that hiking stress is deleterious to the soil–hydrologic system. Data point to a trail system that would be dominated by Hortonian overland flow and this was supported by field evidence during a storm event. Increased runoff has incised rills on some trail segments and there is evidence that run‐on to adjacent side slopes has lead to accelerated erosion. Management on most trails in Hawai'i, including the one studied, is limited, but from our data it is apparent that on‐trail sites directly influenced by an overhanging canopy of rapidly growing (aggressive) exotics were least impacted due to increased organic contributions to the surface and root network development. These data will allow land managers to more effectively address the potential geomorphic and hydrologic impacts of recreational land use. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.