保护性赖氨酸对荷斯坦牛挥发性脂肪酸及菌体蛋白的影响

本试验选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的荷斯坦牛,分4个阶段,分别饲喂日粮Ⅰ(基础日粮+保护性赖氨酸Ⅰ30g/d)、日粮Ⅱ(基础日粮+保护性赖氨酸Ⅱ30g/d)、日粮Ⅲ(基础日粮+保护性赖氨酸Ⅲ30g/d)和日粮Ⅳ(基础日粮),研究以不同比例棕榈油脂肪粉包被的赖氨酸对瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸和菌体蛋白的影响。结果表明,添加瘤胃保护性赖氨酸对瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸和菌体蛋白均无明显影响(P>0.05)。瘤胃保护性氨基酸没有改变瘤胃内环境,不影响瘤胃微生物的生长和菌体蛋白的合成。     

Reduced dietary lysine enhances proportion of oxidative fibers in porcine skeletal muscle

The present study was conducted to elucidate the effects of dietary lysine levels on the proportion of oxidative muscle fibers in porcine muscle. Two 6-week-old barrows from each of five litters were used. Each littermate was assigned to one of two diets, control (lysine content: 1.16%) or low lysine (LL) diet (lysine content: 0.73%). The diets were iso-energetic and iso-protein, and contained all essential amino acids (apart from lysine) in the recommended amounts. The pigs were fed these diets for 3 weeks. Citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.4) activity in longissimus dorsi and rhomboideus muscles was higher in the LL group ( P  < 0.05). In both muscles, pigs fed the LL diet had a higher proportion of muscle fiber with activities of reduced nicotinic amide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.5.3, P  < 0.01). The abundance of mRNA of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α in rhomboideus muscle was higher in the LL group ( P  < 0.05), and those of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 were higher in both longissimus dorsi and rhomboideus muscles in the LL group ( P  < 0.05). We conclude that reduced intake of dietary lysine enhances proportion of oxidative muscle fiber, and hence oxidative capacity of porcine muscle.     

围产期低能饲粮添加过瘤胃赖氨酸对初乳质量、断奶前犊牛生长性能的影响

本试验旨在研究围产期低能饲粮添加过瘤胃赖氨酸(RPL)对初乳质量、断奶前犊牛生长性能和瘤胃发酵的影响。试验采用2×2析因试验设计,即能量(产奶净能)水平设为6.40、5.73 M J/kg DM和RPL添加水平设为0、40 g/(d·头)。选取体况和预产期相近的52头第3胎荷斯坦奶牛,分为4组,分别为基础饲粮(B)组、低能饲粮(L)组、基础饲粮+RPL(BL)组和低能饲粮+RPL(LL)组,每组13头牛。试验从预产期前21天至产后犊牛断奶结束。奶牛产后第1次泌乳时采集初乳,测定初乳中总固形物、蛋白质、脂肪和乳糖、免疫球蛋白(Ig) G、IgM和IgA含量;犊牛出生当天(1日龄)、60日龄测定体重和体尺;犊牛60日龄采集瘤胃液,测定pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度。结果表明:1)围产期低能饲粮显著降低了初乳总固形物、乳糖和IgM含量(P<0.05);围产母牛饲粮添加RPL对初乳乳糖含量有提高的趋势(P=0.068 2),对其他初乳指标无显著影响(P> 0.05)。2)围产期低能饲粮显著降低了母犊60日龄体重、体高、体斜长和胸围(P<0.05),显著降低了公犊60日龄体斜长和初生胸围(P<0.05)。围产母牛饲粮添加RPL有降低公犊60日龄体重的趋势(P=0.073 0)。3)围产期低能饲粮显著降低了母犊初生体躯指数(P<0.05),对母犊60日龄体躯指数有升高的趋势(P=0.059 6),对公犊初生体躯指数有降低的趋势(P=0.099 1),提高了公犊60日龄体躯指数(P<0.05),降低了公犊60日龄体长指数(P<0.05)。围产母牛饲粮添加RPL对公、母犊体尺指数没有显著影响(P>0.05)。4)围产期低能饲粮显著降低了犊牛瘤胃液中总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸浓度(P<0.05)。围产母牛饲粮添加RPL对犊牛瘤胃发酵指标无显著影响(P>0.05)。5)围产母牛饲粮能量水平与添加RPL对奶牛初乳质量指标、断奶前犊牛体重、体尺指标、体尺指数和瘤胃发酵指标均不存在交互作用(P>0.05)。综上所述,围产期低能饲粮降低了奶牛初乳质量、断奶前犊牛体重、体尺及体尺指数和瘤胃发酵指标;围产期母牛饲粮添加RPL对奶牛初乳质量和断奶前犊牛体重、体尺及体尺指数和瘤胃发酵无不利影响;围产期低能饲粮中添加RPL并不能替代正常标准能量水平饲粮。     

赖氨酸席夫碱对到达绵羊小肠游离氨基酸和蛋白质流量的影响

选用4只体重在40 kg左右,安装永久性十二指肠瘘管的中国美利奴（新疆型）细毛羊,采用拉丁方设计,分别添加3.42和6.84 g赖氨酸席夫碱（分别含赖氨酸2、4 g）、2.56和5.12 g赖氨酸盐酸盐作为对照（分别含赖氨酸2、4 g）,以研究对进入绵羊小肠游离氨基酸和蛋白质流量的影响。结果表明,在赖氨酸实际添加水平都为4 g/d时,赖氨酸席夫碱使绵羊小肠液中游离Lys、Glu和Tyr的流量分别提高了25.17%、38.35%和33.88%（P<0.05）,对其他游离氨基酸流量的影响不明显。添加赖氨酸席夫碱对到达绵羊小肠的微生物蛋白质流量、过瘤胃蛋白质（瘤胃非降解蛋白）流量没有影响。添加赖氨酸席夫碱可提高到达绵羊小肠的游离赖氨酸量,且与添加量有关。     

不同饲粮氨基酸水平对生长期后备母猪生长性能、血清生化指标和氨基酸浓度的影响

本试验旨在研究理想氨基酸模式下,不同饲粮氨基酸水平对生长期后备母猪生长性能、血清生化指标和氨基酸浓度的影响。选用120头体况相似、平均体重为(19.00±1.50)kg的长大二元母猪,随机分成4个组,每个组3个重复,每个重复10头猪,分别饲喂4种不同可消化赖氨酸(DLys)水平的玉米-豆粕型饲粮。20~40 kg阶段,饲粮DLys水平为0.78%(1组)、0.83%(2组)、0.88%(3组)、0.93%(4组);40~70 kg阶段,饲粮DLys水平为0.68%(1组)、0.73%(2组)、0.78%(3组)、0.83%(4组),并通过添加4种合成氨基酸保证4组饲粮中DLys、可消化含硫氨基酸、可消化苏氨酸、可消化色氨酸的比值(100∶60∶65∶18)一致。结果表明,20~40 kg阶段,试验2组平均日增重(569.69 g)达到最大,料重比(2.24)最低;试验2组血清尿素氮浓度显著低于试验3和4组(P0.05),与试验1组差异不显著(P0.05);试验2组血清类胰岛素生长因子Ⅰ浓度显著高于试验3和4组(P0.05),与试验1组差异不显著(P0.05);血清游离赖氨酸、苏氨酸浓度2组显著低于试验3和4组(P0.05),血清游离亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸和缬氨酸浓度2组显著低于试验3和4组(P0.05)。40~70 kg阶段,试验3组平均日增重(787.43 g)达到最大,料重比(2.55)最低;试验3组血清尿素氮浓度显著低于其他试验组(P0.05),血清类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ浓度各组间差异不显著(P0.05);血清游离赖氨酸、苏氨酸浓度试验3组显著低于试验1、2组(P0.05)。由此可见,在本试验条件下,长大后备母猪20~40 kg阶段适宜饲粮DLys水平为0.83%,以消化能浓度表示为0.61 g/MJ,40~70 kg阶段适宜饲粮DLys水平为0.78%、以消化能浓度表示为0.57 g/MJ。     

含赖氨酸二肽对奶牛乳蛋白合成和乳腺氨基酸转运相关基因表达的影响

试验旨在研究含赖氨酸二肽对奶牛乳腺组织中乳蛋白合成和氨基酸转运的影响。在体外培养的奶牛乳腺组织培养液中添加不同含赖氨酸二肽(赖氨酸-赖氨酸(KK)、赖氨酸—组氨酸(KH)、赖氨酸—苯丙氨酸(KF)、赖氨酸—亮氨酸(KL)和赖氨酸—苏氨酸(KT)),分别等量取代培养液中0、5%、10%、15%和20%的游离赖氨酸(赖氨酸总浓度为210μg/mL)进行培养,试验结束后收集乳腺组织用于基因表达检测。结果显示,同游离氨基酸替代量为0组相比,KH替代Lys比例为15%,KF替代比例为10%,KK、KL和KT替代比例为5%时,α_s1酪蛋白(CSN1S1)mRNA丰度最高(P<0.05);KK替代Lys比例为5%、10%、15%和20%,KH替代比例为10%和15%,KF替代比例为15%,KL替代比例为5%、20%及KT替代比例为5%、10%和15%时,均显著促进了奶牛乳腺组织中小肽转运载体2(SLC15A2)的基因表达(P<0.05);KH替代Lys比例为15%,KK、KL替代比例分别为10%,KF、KT替代比例分别为5%时,赖氨酸转运载体B⁰⁺(SLC6A14)的mRNA丰度最高(P<0.05);KH替代Lys的15%、20%,KK替代比例为5%、10%和15%,KL替代比例为5%和10%时,显著促进了雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)基因的表达(P<0.05)。结果提示,奶牛乳腺摄取赖氨酸二肽能促进氨基酸的吸收和乳蛋白的合成。     

赖氨酸与蛋白质比例对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清尿素氮及游离氨基酸浓度的影响

本试验选用90头体重为(9.1±1.4)kg的三元(大白×长白×北京黑)杂交商品仔猪 ,研究在中国实际条件下 ,赖氨酸与蛋白质比例对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清尿素氮和血清游离氨基酸浓度的影响 ,以及满足断奶仔猪生长需要适宜的赖氨酸与蛋白质比例。结果表明 ,当日粮赖氨酸与蛋白质比例为5.8g/100g 时 ,仔猪的生长性能和饲料利用效率最好 ,且单位增重成本最低 ;当二者比例小于5.8g/100g(为5.2和5.3g/100g)或大于5.8g/100g(为7.2g/100g)时 ,仔猪的生长性能和饲料利用效率降低。随着日粮蛋白质水平降低以及氨基酸比例接近理想模式 ,血清尿素氮浓度呈线性下降趋势 ,而血清游离赖氨酸浓度呈线性升高趋势。由上可得出仔猪适宜的赖氨酸与蛋白质比例为5.8g/100g。     

Effects of the standardized ileal digestible valine : lysine ratio on performance,milk composition and plasma indices of lactating sows

To determine the effects of standardized ileal digestible (SID) valine : lysine ratio on the performance, milk composition and plasma indices of lactating sows, 32 Large White × Landrace sows (219.78 ± 7.15 kg body weight; parity 1.82 ± 0.62) were allotted to one of four dietary treatments with eight sows per treatment based on parity, back fat thickness and body weight. The sows were fed corn‐soybean meal‐based diets containing 63, 83, 103 or 123% SID valine : lysine from day 107 of gestation until day 28 of lactation. The average daily feed intake of sows and daily weight gain of piglets increased linearly (P < 0.05) while back fat loss decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as the SID valine : lysine ratio increased. All of the analyzed amino acids in sow colostrum and valine concentrations of sow and piglet plasma increased linearly (P < 0.05) with the increasing SID valine : lysine ratio. In conclusion, 88 and 113% dietary SID valine : lysine ratios were optimal to achieve minimum back fat loss and maximum piglet growth rate using a linear‐break point model which exceeds the requirement of 85% that is estimated by the National Research Council (2012).     

Wheat straw biochar amendment suppresses tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum: Potential effects of rhizosphere organic acids and amino acids

Complex interactions based on host plant, rhizosphere microorganisms and soil microenvironment are presumed to be responsible for the suppressive properties of biochar against soil-borne diseases, although the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This study is designed to evaluate the efficacy of biochar amendment for controlling tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, and to explore the interactions between biochar-induced changes in rhizosphere compound composition, the pathogen and tomato growth. The results showed that biochar amendment decreased disease incidence by 61–78% and simultaneously improved plant growth. The positive ‘biochar effect' could be associated with enhanced microbial activity and alterations in the rhizosphere organic acid and amino acid composition. Specifically, elevated rhizosphere citric acid and lysine, but reduced salicylic acid, were induced by biochar which improved microbial activity and rendered the rhizosphere unsuitable for the development of R. solanacearum. In addition, nutrients which were either made more available by the stimulated microbial activity or supplied by the biochar could improve plant vigor and potentially enhance tomato resistance to diseases. Our findings highlight that biochar's ability to control tomato bacterial wilt could be associated with the alteration of the rhizosphere organic acid and amino acid composition, however, further research is required to verify these ‘biochar effects' in field conditions.