Lysine limitation alters the storage pattern of protein,lipid and glycogen in on‐growing Atlantic salmon

This experiment aimed to test the interaction of lysine limitation with nutrient accretion and muscle carnitine depot in Atlantic salmon. Fish were fed adequate or low‐lysine diets for 3 months. Lysine intake was significantly less (48%) in fish fed the low‐lysine diet as compared with that fed the adequate one. There was no difference in dietary amino acids between treatments, with the exception of lysine. The lower lysine intake was reflected in plasma free lysine being 52% less while the free lysine concentration in the liver and muscle were unaffected. Although there was no significant difference between voluntary feed intakes among treatments, fish fed the low‐lysine diet had reduced growth, protein and energy deposition as compared with fish fed the adequate lysine diet. White trunk muscle contained more glycogen and less protein in fish fed the low‐lysine diet while no difference in lipid was observed. The livers from fish fed the low‐lysine diet contained less glycogen and slightly more fat and protein than the livers from fish fed the adequate lysine diet. Lysine limitation reduced carnitine in the liver without affecting muscle carnitine depot. Thus, low‐lysine diets did not likely affect the fatty acid oxidation capacity. This fact was supported by unaffected fatty acid profiles and lipid classes between treatments during the 3‐month study. In conclusion, lysine limitation does not deplete the muscle carnitine depot during the on‐growing seawater phase of Atlantic salmon, but affects the deposition pattern of nutrients.     

Amino acid absorption and protein synthesis responses of turbot Scophthalmus maximus to lysine and leucine in free,dipeptide and tripeptide forms

The study aimed to investigate the effects of crystalline Lys and Leu, Lys‐Leu dipeptide and Lys‐Leu‐Lys/Leu‐Lys‐Leu tripeptide, on growth, postprandial Lys and Leu concentrations, gene expression of peptide and amino acid (AA) transporters and related gene expression of protein synthesis pathway in turbot. Three diets (CAA, Di and Tri) contained Lys and Leu as free (Lys and Leu), dipeptide (Lys‐Leu) and tripeptide (Lys‐Leu‐Lys/Leu‐Lys‐Leu) forms, respectively. Improved growth was observed in the Di group compared with the CAA group. For peptide and AAs transporters, PepT1, B⁰AT1 and y⁺LAT2 mRNA levels were affected in proximal intestine by dietary treatments. Free Lys and Leu concentrations in the CAA group were significantly higher than that of the Di and Tri groups at 6 hr postfeeding in serum and at 2, 6 and 24 hr postfeeding in muscle. For protein synthesis pathway in muscle, Akt2, TOR and S6k1 gene expression were the highest in the Di group and the lowest in the CAA group, whereas MuRF1 relative expression was the highest in the Tri group. In conclusion, dietary Lys‐Leu dipeptide was utilized more efficiently than free Lys and Leu or Lys‐Leu‐Lys/Leu‐Lys‐Leu tripeptide for turbot by regulating AAs transport, postprandial AAs concentration and the synthesis of muscle proteins.     

基于转录组测序技术研究饲粮赖氨酸水平调控贵州黄鸡采食量的差异表达基因和信号通路

本试验旨在利用转录组测序(RNA?Seq)技术研究饲粮赖氨酸(Lys)水平调控贵州黄鸡采食量的分子机制,挖掘与采食量相关的候选基因和信号通路,进一步提高家禽采食量以及促进养殖效益.选取健康的1日龄贵州黄鸡雏鸡400羽,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复20羽.各组饲粮Lys水平分别为0.7％、0.9％、1.1％和1....     

Imbalanced lysine to arginine ratios reduced performance in juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum) fed high plant protein diets

Cobia (8.4 ± 0.1 g body weight) were fed to satiation with three test diets of high plant protein‐based ingredients and different lysine to arginine ratios, and one commercial diet (currently used for cobia rearing in Vietnam as a control for growth) for 6 weeks. The test diets contained 206 g marine ingredients kg^?1, including fishmeal, krill meal and fish protein concentrate (in order of high to low inclusion), while the rest of the dietary protein was a blend of soya and pea protein concentrate, wheat protein and sunflower meal. Crystalline lysine and arginine were added in the test diets to produce either a balanced lysine to arginine ratio (BL/A; 1.1) and a high or low lysine to arginine ratio (HL/A; 1.8 and LL/A; 0.8, respectively). There were no significant differences in final body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio or protein gain between cobia fed BL/A‐ and commercial control diet (CCT). Cobia fed BL/A diet performed better than fish fed either HL/A‐ or LL/A diet. This was partly due to a higher feed intake and protein and lipid gain in cobia fed BL/A diet as compared to HL/A‐ and LL/A diet.     

Lysine requirement studies in modern genotype barrows dependent on age,protein deposition and dietary lysine efficiency

N balance experiments were conducted to derive age‐dependent model parameters for modelling of lysine (Lys) requirements in growing pigs. Modern genotype barrows from 16 litters were utilized (four piglets/litter) at 15, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110 kg body weight respectively. Six diets provided graded dietary protein supply (40 to 320 g/kg) by a constant mixture of barley, wheat, potato protein, wheat gluten, soybean protein concentrate and crystalline amino acids. Lys was set as the first limiting dietary amino acid. Each age period provided 24 N balance data (n = 4) to derive N maintenance requirement (NMR) and theoretical maximum for daily N retention (NR_maxT) by non‐linear regression analysis. At high dietary Lys efficiency, 17–18 g daily Lys intake was required for 170 g daily protein deposition. To achieve similar daily protein deposition, pigs need 21–23 g Lys if the Lys efficiency is 20% lower. For higher daily protein deposition (195–200 g) and varying dietary Lys efficiency, between 22 and 29 g Lys was required. The Lys requirement data yielded by modelling were in line with current recommendations. Further developments of the approach are discussed to improve age‐independent applications.     

Lysine restriction and realimentation affected growth,blood profiles and expression of genes related to protein and fat metabolism in weaned pigs

To investigate the effects of lysine restriction and subsequent realimentation on growth performance, blood profiles and gene expression of leptin and myostatin, 128 weaned pigs [initial body weight (BW) 6.96 ± 1.07 kg, 26 ± 2 days of age] were randomly allotted to four treatments. The starter diets during the first 2 weeks (P1) contained 100%, 80%, 70% or 60% of recommended lysine levels ( National Research Council, 1998 ). Then, common grower 1 and 2 diets were offered for 2 weeks (P2 and P3) each. During P1, average daily gain (ADG) was linearly reduced (p < 0.05) with the increasing levels of lysine restriction. Growth rate was greater in pigs previously fed lysine‐restricted diets than well‐fed pigs although it did not reach a significant level during realimentation. However, the final BW and overall ADG were the lowest (p < 0.05) and F/G was poor in pigs fed 60% lysine diet. Relative visceral organ weights and composition of skeletal muscle were similar (p > 0.05) among the treatment. Blood triglyceride and glucose levels were increased (p < 0.05) during P1, while blood urine nitrogen, total protein and albumin levels were decreased (p < 0.05) during P2 with the reduction in dietary lysine levels. The abundance of myostatin mRNA in skeletal muscle and leptin mRNA in subcutaneous adipose tissue were lower (p < 0.05) in lysine‐restricted pigs than in pigs fed non‐restricted diets. In conclusion, 80% and 70% lysine restriction of starter diets resulted in inferior growth and compensatory growth effect was noted during realimentation, while 60% lysine restriction had a negative influence on growth performance. Moreover, the changes in myostatin and leptin mRNA abundance caused by nutritional manipulations may be involved in the regulation of protein and fat deposition in young pigs.     

赖氨酸对团头鲂幼鱼生长、血清生化及游离必需氨基酸的影响

为探讨饲料中不同水平赖氨酸对团头鲂幼鱼生长、血清生化及血清中游离必需氨基酸的影响,选用初始均重(3.34±0.03)g的团头鲂幼鱼540尾,随机分成6个实验组,每个实验组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,分别投喂赖氨酸含量为1.29%、1.71%、2.09%、2.48%、2.88%、3.27%的饲料,养殖实验为10周。研究表明:(1)与对照组相比,2.48%赖氨酸实验组显著提高了团头鲂幼鱼的鱼体末重、增重率、特定增重率、氮沉积率、蛋白质效率和蛋白沉积率,显著降低了饵料系数,但不影响存活率;(2)2.09%赖氨酸实验组显著提高鱼体蛋白含量和降低脏体比系数,2.88%、3.27%赖氨酸实验组显著降低了粗灰分含量;(3)3.27%赖氨酸实验组显著提高了血清中谷丙转氨酶和总蛋白含量;2.14%赖氨酸实验组显著降低了血清中白蛋白的含量;2.88%赖氨酸实验组显著降低了血清中尿素含量;(4)除血清亮氨酸和缬氨酸之外,2.88%赖氨酸实验组显著提高了血清中必需氨基酸含量;同时,随着饲料中赖氨酸水平的增加,血清中总必需氨基酸呈先升高后趋于平缓的趋势。以鱼体特定增重率和蛋白沉积率为评价指标,经折线模型回归分析得到团头鲂幼鱼饲料中赖氨酸的适宜添加量分别为饲料干重的2.36%(饲料粗蛋白含量的6.96%)和2.22%(饲料粗蛋白含量的6.53%)。     

农杆菌介导法将高赖氨酸蛋白基因sb401导入玉米的研究

以玉米杂交组合PA×PB的胚性愈伤组织为材料,通过农杆菌介导法将高赖氨酸蛋白基因sb401导入到玉米中。经过双丙胺膦筛选,共获得70株再生植株,其中15株经PCR检测呈阳性,将部分PCR呈阳性的植株进行Southern杂交,结果表明,sb401基因已经整合到玉米基因组中。bar蛋白试纸条检测结果呈阳性,推测目的蛋白得到了表达。     

转高赖氨酸融合蛋白基因大米喂养SD大鼠90天试验研究

 【目的】利用大鼠食用转高赖氨酸融合蛋白基因大米（简称转GL基因大米）试验来初步评价转GL基因大米的食用安全性。【方法】根据转GL基因大米及其亲本大米的营养成分,分别以70%的大米添加量配制成全价料,配制饲料营养成分与对照组饲料一致。将刚断乳的SD大鼠按性别和体重分为3组：转GL基因大米组、亲本大米组和对照组。分别饲喂相应组饲料90 d,自由进食。观察大鼠体重、进食量、食物利用率、血常规、血生化、尿常规、脏器系数和脏器的病理学检查。【结果】转GL基因大米组所有检测指标与亲本大米组相比均无统计学差异(P＞0.05);转GL基因大米组与对照组相比,转GL基因大米雌性组进食量、雄性组试验末期血清中CHOL显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,而转GL基因大米雌性组食物利用率、雄性组试验末期全血中MCV、雄性组试验中期血清中AST、雄性组试验末期血清中AST/ALT和P显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,但这些数据并没有显示出生物学意义上的显著性差异,而且血常规与血生化指标均在正常值范围内。【结论】转GL基因大米对大鼠生长发育无明显不良影响,转GL基因大米和其亲本大米对大鼠有同等的食用安全性。     

改变日粮蛋白质和赖氨酸含量对奶牛产奶性能和氮利用及代谢激素的影响

为观察不同日粮蛋白质(CP)和赖氨酸(Lys)含量对奶牛产奶性能、氮利用和血液代谢激素的影响,试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,选择4头经产中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机接受4种日粮处理:12.5%CP和0.44%Lys的Et粮1;12.6%CP和0.58%Lys的日粮2;14.1%cP和0.45%Lys的日粮3;14.1%CP和0.60%Lys的日粮4.试验分为4期,每期18 d.第1天至第14天为适应期,第15天至第18天为收集期.结果表明:日粮4和日粮2的产奶最显著高于日粮3和日粮1(P<0.05).乳蛋白率也略高于日粮3和日粮1(P>0.05);日粮4和日粮2的氮利用率和奶氮排出量明显高于日粮3和日粮1(P<0.05):日粮4和日粮2的尿素氮(SUN)浓度明显低于日粮3和日粮1(P<0.05);日粮4和日粮2的胰岛素和催乳素浓度明显高于日粮3和日粮1(P<0.05).赖氨酸含量相同时,日粮CP含量为14.1%或12.6%,奶牛产奶性能不受影响,乳氮产量增加,氮利用率提高;当奶牛日粮赖氨酸含量从0.60%降到0.45%,尽管蛋白质含量相同,但奶牛产奶量下降,乳蛋白略呈下降趋势,乳氮产量降低,氮利用率降低.