Efficacy and tolerance of lutein as colourant in diet of juvenile soft‐shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis

The effects of dietary supplementation of lutein on the growth, haematological profile and pigmentation in target tissues of the soft‐shelled turtles were investigated. Five experimental diets were prepared with lutein levels at 1.16 (D1, control), 70.3 (D2), 132 (D3) and 239 (D4) mg kg^?1, and one more high inclusion level of 3410 mg kg^?1 (D5) was included for tolerance test. Each diet was fed to 24 juvenile turtles for 8w. Specific growth rate (SGR) in D2, D3 and D4 was significantly higher than that of group D1 and D5. Skin yellowness (b*) and chroma (C*) of both carapace and plastron skin were all significantly increased with higher dietary lutein levels. Dietary lutein supplementation turned the H° values of skins into yellowness. The accumulation of lutein in skin and muscle also augmented significantly with increasing lutein levels and fit a logarithmic correlation with dietary lutein levels. There were almost no differences in haematological parameters of all turtles. Lutein is an efficient and safe colourant in diet of soft‐shelled turtle. The optimal inclusion levels for the highest SGR and desired skin colour in carapace and plastron of soft‐shelled turtle were 162, 142 and 143 mg kg^?1, respectively.     

不同品系万寿菊花中叶黄素和叶黄素酯含量的测定

采用反相高效液相色谱法测定不同颜色万寿菊花(包括花瓣和花萼)中叶黄素和叶黄素酯的含量.通过与叶黄素标准品比较,并利用相同色谱条件下的色谱图确定万寿菊花中含有叶黄素和6种叶黄素二酯,即月桂酸-肉豆蔻酸酯、二肉豆蔻酸酯、肉豆蔻酸-棕榈酸酯、二棕榈酸酯、棕榈酸-硬脂酸酯及二硬脂酸酯.不同颜色万寿菊花中叶黄素和叶黄素酯的含量差别较大,黄绿色花色素含量为 0.024 %,橙色花色素含量高达1.148 %(均以干花粉计),颜色越深,叶黄素酯含量越高.万寿菊花的色素含量与脂肪含量呈明显正相关(R2=0.974).     

万寿菊中叶黄素的提取皂化工艺

以四氢呋喃为提取剂,对常温下万寿菊中叶黄素的同时提取皂化工艺进行研究。分别考察了溶剂倍量、反应时间、KOH乙醇溶液质量浓度对叶黄素提取率的影响,结果表明溶剂倍量和反应时间对叶黄素提取率有较显著的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,采用L9(34)正交试验考察3种因素对叶黄素提取率的影响,以提取率和HPLC检测量为指标综合考虑,优化工艺参数为:溶剂倍量50 mL/g,反应时间6 h,KOH乙醇溶液质量浓度0.15 g/mL,此条件下叶黄素提取率达到90%以上。     

Enhanced productivity of a lutein-enriched novel acidophile microalga grown on urea

Coccomyxa acidophila is an extremophile eukaryotic microalga isolated from the Tinto River mining area in Huelva, Spain. Coccomyxa acidophila accumulates relevant amounts of β-carotene and lutein, well-known carotenoids with many biotechnological applications, especially in food and health-related industries. The acidic culture medium (pH < 2.5) that prevents outdoor cultivation from non-desired microorganism growth is one of the main advantages of acidophile microalgae production. Conversely, acidophile microalgae growth rates are usually very low compared to common microalgae growth rates. In this work, we show that mixotrophic cultivation on urea efficiently enhances growth and productivity of an acidophile microalga up to typical values for common microalgae, therefore approaching acidophile algal production towards suitable conditions for feasible outdoor production. Algal productivity and potential for carotenoid accumulation were analyzed as a function of the nitrogen source supplied. Several nitrogen conditions were assayed: nitrogen starvation, nitrate and/or nitrite, ammonia and urea. Among them, urea clearly led to the best cell growth (~4 × 10(8) cells/mL at the end of log phase). Ammonium led to the maximum chlorophyll and carotenoid content per volume unit (220 μg·mL(·1) and 35 μg·mL(·1), respectively). Interestingly, no significant differences in growth rates were found in cultures grown on urea as C and N source, with respect to those cultures grown on nitrate and CO(2) as nitrogen and carbon sources (control cultures). Lutein accumulated up to 3.55 mg·g(·1) in the mixotrophic cultures grown on urea. In addition, algal growth in a shaded culture revealed the first evidence for an active xanthophylls cycle operative in acidophile microalgae.     

Enhancement of lutein production in Chlorella sorokiniana (Chorophyta) by improvement of culture conditions and random mutagenesis

Chlorella sorokiniana has been selected for lutein production, after a screening of thirteen species of microalgae, since it showed both a high content in this carotenoid and a high growth rate. The effects of several nutritional and environmental factors on cell growth and lutein accumulation have been studied. Maximal specific growth rate and lutein content were attained at 690 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1), 28 °C, 2 mM NaCl, 40 mM nitrate and under mixotrophic conditions. In general, optimal conditions for the growth of this strain also lead to maximal lutein productivity. High lutein yielding mutants of C. sorokiniana have been obtained by random mutagenesis, using N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) as a mutagen and selecting mutants by their resistance to the inhibitors of the carotenogenic pathway nicotine and norflurazon. Among the mutants resistant to the herbicides, those exhibiting both high content in lutein and high growth rate were chosen. Several mutants exhibited higher contents in this carotenoid than the wild type, showing, in addition, either a similar or higher growth rate than the latter strain. The mutant MR-16 exhibited a 2.0-fold higher volumetric lutein content than that of the wild type, attaining values of 42.0 mg L(-1) and mutants DMR-5 and DMR-8 attained a lutein cellular content of 7.0 mg g(-1) dry weight. The high lutein yield exhibited by C. sorokiniana makes this microalga an excellent candidate for the production of this commercially interesting pigment.     

SELENIUM FERTILIZATION INFLUENCES BIOMASS,ELEMENTAL ACCUMULATIONS,AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS IN WATERCRESS

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) produces carotenoids and sulfur-containing glucosinolates (GSs) beneficial to human health. Selenium (Se) imparts dietary health properties and substitutes for S in plant biochemical pathways. Experimental objectives were to determine the influence of Se fertilization on 1) biomass, 2) elemental accumulations, 3) carotenoids, and 4) glucosinolates in watercress leaf and shoot tissues. Watercress was greenhouse grown in solution culture with Se treatments of 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg Se L^?1, delivered as sodium selenate (Na₂SeO₄). Fresh and dry biomass were unaffected while shoot tissue Se (P = 0.057) and S (P = 0.003) increased linearly in response to increasing Se treatments. Linear decreases were measured for β-carotene (P = 0.017) and lutein (P = 0.018) in response to increasing Se. Total levels of GS increased, then decreased quadratically (P = 0.003). Results indicate that Se supplementation can increase Se tissue concentrations and GS in watercress; however, carotenoids were negatively affected.     

小球藻异养生长及叶黄素合成量影响因子的优化研究

通过摇瓶实验研究了影响小球藻异养生长和叶黄素合成的6个重要因子:接种量、通气量以及葡萄糖、KNO3、KH2PO4和MgSO4的起始浓度,并通过均匀设计实验建立了4种主要培养基组分浓度对细胞生长和叶黄素合成量影响的数学模型。研究表明:在摇瓶实验中,培养液装量少或转速快有利于小球藻细胞生长和叶黄素合成,因此充足的通气量是必要条件;在10～60g·L-1范围内,较高的葡萄糖起始浓度可提高小球藻的最终生物量和叶黄素产量,但抑制小球藻的细胞生长;在2∶1～12∶1范围内,较低的C∶N比有利于细胞中叶黄素含量的增加,而对小球藻细胞生长的影响较小。通过建立数学模型、对上述参数进行优化,小球藻的比生长速率和细胞中叶黄素含量得到了显著提高,最大比生长速率和细胞中叶黄素含量分别达到2.32d-1和3.18mg·L-1。     

叶黄素酯和叶黄素的光热降解动力学

叶黄素是自然界广泛存在的含紫罗酮环的二羟基类胡萝卜素。由于叶黄素能有效预防并辅助治疗老年性黄斑退化病和白内障等眼部疾病,在生物活性物质利用领域有广泛的应用前景。在植物组织中,叶黄素以叶黄素脂肪酸酯(简称叶黄素酯)的形式存在,在人体内,叶黄素酯可转化为叶黄素,进一     

叶黄素生物活性和环境因素对其稳定性影响研究进展

叶黄素是一种广泛存在于蔬菜、花卉、水果及某些藻类生物中的天然色素，是理想膳食的一种基本营养素。近年来，其在食品、医药和动物饲料等领域的应用愈加广泛，以叶黄素为基础的功能性食品开发逐渐成为食品资源利用的重点发展方向。分别介绍了有机溶剂提取、超声波辅助提取、微波辅助提取、酶辅助提取和超临界CO₂萃取5种叶黄素的提取方法，重点综述了叶黄素在预防及改善眼睛疾病、神经退行性疾病和心血管、肿瘤、肥胖相关疾病等方面的功能作用及其发挥生物活性的作用机制，分析阐述了在叶黄素相关产品开发时氧气、温度、pH、光照等因素对叶黄素稳定性的影响，以期为叶黄素在功能性食品研发中的应用提供理论支撑。