A Long-Term Study of the Environment Within a Tunnel Incubator for Turkey Eggs

A 6-mo study of the temperatures within a tunnel incubator in a commercial turkey hatchery was conducted to determine the extent that the incubation environment varied with the type of egg incubated. The tunnel incubator moves air through the mass of eggs from the oldest to the youngest embryos, and air temperature was found to increase by approximately 1°F as it passed through the eggs. The temperature of the air entering the eggs was maintained at a constant temperature by the incubator, but the temperature of the air leaving the eggs showed considerable day-to-day variation. The main cause of temperature variation within the incubator was the setting of fresh eggs into and the transferring of d-25 eggs out of the incubator. However, the temperature was also found to vary with the predicted total embryo metabolic heat production within the incubator estimated from the age of the embryo, egg mass, and breeder flock fertility. The temperature of air within the egg mass was also measured and shown to correspond more closely to the temperature of the air where it exits the eggs rather than where it enters the eggs or the machine-operating temperature.     

盐胁迫对星星草幼苗保护酶系统的影响

在盐胁迫下,星星草幼苗过氧化氢酶活性随着胁迫时间的延长而增强,并与盐浓度呈显著正相关。超氧化物歧化酶活性随着胁迫浓度的增强而增强,当超过一定浓度(3.0%Na₂CO₃)时则趋减弱,尔后随着胁迫时间的延长而增强。过氧化物酶活性的变化规律与超氧化物歧化酶活性相似,但变化幅度较小。丙二醛含量随着胁迫时间的延长和胁迫强度的增强而增加。     

Ostrich meat: Production,quality parameters,and nutritional comparison to other types of meats

The poultry industry is considered one of the most efficient industries in producing animal protein. Poultry production consists of several main segments: broilers, commercial eggs, turkeys, ducks, and other poultry, including geese, guinea-fowl, pheasants, quail, and ratites. Currently, ostrich meat is marketed as a healthy red meat because it is characterized by high polyunsaturated fatty acid contents, low saturated fatty acid content, and low cholesterol level compared with red meats, such as beef, while tasting similar to lean beef. Ostrich meat contains lower sodium and higher iron contents than other kinds of meat, making it preferable to hypertensive people and those with anemia. Taken together, ostrich meat is considered as an ideal red meat for individuals seeking healthier lifestyle. Moreover, many different ostrich products, such as leather and feathers, are used by people. The current review paper considers the quality characteristics of ostrich meat, including physical traits, and compares it to other types of meats, such as bovine and other poultry meats.     

松嫩草地羊草种子发育进程、休眠特性及与盐碱耐性关系的研究

羊草(Leymus chinensis)是禾本科赖草属根茎型优质禾草,不但营养价值高、适口性好,而且具有较强的耐旱、耐寒和耐盐碱性。羊草既是东北松嫩平原的优势种,也是干旱与半干旱地区建植人工草地的优良草种。近年来,随着畜牧业的发展及生态环境治理力度的加大,人工羊草草地不断建植,为此,人们对羊草种子的需求量与品质的要求也越来越高。本文通过研究羊草种子的发育进程、休眠特性及与盐碱耐性的关系,一方面明确羊草种子的最适宜收获时间,为农业生产上收获高品质羊草种子提供科学依据,另一方面挖掘羊草种子的发芽潜能、深入解析抗逆机理,为提高其利用率及抗逆新品种的选育提供理论基础。主要研究结果与结论如下:(1)通过对羊草种子发育动态的研究结果表明,羊草种子在发育过程中,随着成熟度的不断提高,种子的颜色由绿色变为浅绿色,再变成黄色,最后变为棕黑色。种子千粒重不断增加,在盛花后33 d达到最大值,之后趋于恒定。含水量与种子浸出液电导率则呈下降趋势,含水量在盛花后36 d达到最小值,而2个试验年份电导率值有所差异,分别在盛花后27和30 d达到最小值。标准发芽试验结果显示,羊草种子在盛花后39 d发芽率最高,此时种子的开始发芽时间、50%种子发芽时间、发芽势等指标均为最优。尽管加速老化试验的发芽指标与标准发芽试验略有差异,但是盛花后39 d的种子同样具有最强的抗老化能力。上述试验结果表明,盛花后39 d羊草种子活力最高,品质最佳,是种子最适宜的收获时间。 (2)不同成熟度的羊草种子对土壤埋深与盐碱胁迫具有不同的响应方式。羊草种子出苗与其后的幼苗生长能力随着种埋深度的增加而降低,1 cm是最适宜的播种深度,此时的出苗率最高、出苗时间最短,并且叶片与根系长度与生物量最大;另外不同成熟度的羊草种子表现出不同的出土成苗能力,盛花后39 d的羊草种子活力最大,其上述各项幼苗生长指标均为最优。种子的成熟度与盐、碱胁迫及其交互作用显著影响羊草种子的发芽率与发芽势,盛花后39 d的羊草种子在胁迫下具有最高的发芽率与发芽势,特别是在高浓度(400 mM)盐胁迫下,尤为明显。复萌试验结果显示,盛花后39 d的羊草种子在盐碱胁迫(特别是高盐环境)解除后同样具有最高的发芽率。上述结果表明,尽管不同成熟度的羊草种子均具有发芽能力,但是盛花后39 d的羊草种子出苗及抵御盐碱胁迫伤害的能力最强,这也进一步支撑了39 d是羊草种子适宜收获时间这一结论。另外羊草适宜浅播,1 cm是其最适宜的播种深度。 (3)通过人工手段处理可以明显打破羊草种子的休眠特性。研究结果表明,除了热水浸种处理外,其余方法如浓硫酸、冷层积、PEG,GA₃,KNO₃及清水浸种均能一定程度上提高羊草种子的发芽率,发芽速率、开始发芽时间及50%种子发芽时间。但是在生产实际中,既要考虑高效性也要考虑经济耗费,结合本试验的研究结果,我们推荐在生产中采用低温浸种20 d的方法来打破羊草种子的休眠,提高其发芽率。 (4)稃是抑制羊草种子萌发的重要因素,但同时也一定程度提高了种子的抗盐性。通过测定稃对羊草种子吸水、脱水、不同温度条件下的发芽响应以及不同持续时间盐胁迫对种子发芽的影响,结果发现稃可以显著提高羊草种子的吸水量,并同时减缓种子在干旱环境下的脱水速率,使种子不会过度脱水而死亡。稃、不同温度处理及两者交互作用显著降低羊草种子的发芽率与发芽速率,表明稃对羊草种子萌发具有一定的抑制作用。在不同持续时间的盐胁迫处理下,未萌发的带稃种子复萌率均高于去稃种子,特别是在长时间及高盐胁迫下尤为明显,表明稃对羊草种子耐盐性起着重要的调节作用,一旦雨水、融雪等条件降低了土壤盐浓度,带稃种子就可以继续萌发出土。 (5)20~30℃是羊草种子最适宜的发芽温度,高温、低温均显著降低种子的发芽率与发芽速率,并且此温度可一定程度上减缓盐胁迫与碱胁迫对种子发芽的抑制效应。随着盐、碱胁迫浓度的增加,羊草种子发芽率与发芽速率均呈下降趋势,且在碱胁迫下的下降幅度更大。在盐胁迫下,当盐浓度<200 mM时,低温是影响种子萌发的主要因素,随着盐浓度的不断增加,高温则更加剧了盐胁迫对种子萌发的抑制作用;而在碱胁迫下,即使碱浓度较低,高温与其交互作用也大大加剧了对种子发芽的抑制。盐胁迫下未萌发的羊草种复萌率随盐浓度增加而增加,而在碱胁迫下则随着碱浓度增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,高浓度碱胁迫使羊草种子失去活力而死亡,并且碱胁迫下种子的复萌率低于盐胁迫,25~35℃同样不利于种子的复萌。幼苗生长对温度与盐碱胁迫交互作用的响应方式与发芽阶段相似,20~30℃同样是最适宜温度;另外,盐碱胁迫均对羊草幼苗根生长的抑制作用更强。基于以上研究结果,我们建议在初夏(7月上旬),高降雨过后,温度与土壤条件适宜的情况下进行播种,以提高羊草种子的发芽率,更好的达到恢复退化草地的效果。 (6)在混合盐碱胁迫下,羊草种子的发芽率与发芽速率均随着盐浓度的增加不断下降,且碱性盐比例越大下降越明显。在250 mM盐浓度下,无碱性盐的A组处理发芽率为6.5%,而其余5组处理发芽率均为0。羊草幼苗生长阶段同样受盐浓度、pH及2者交互作用影响,并且根系对胁迫伤害更敏感,所受抑制作用更强。逐级回归分析结果表明,在种子萌发阶段,盐浓度是羊草种子在混合盐碱胁迫下能否萌发的决定性因素,而一旦胚根突破种皮进入幼苗生长阶段,pH就转变为主导因素。上述研究表明,混合盐碱胁迫对羊草种子萌发与早期幼苗生长阶段的抑制机理有所不同,其中高盐浓度与高pH的交互作用对种子萌发与幼苗生长的抑制效应最强。 (7)盐胁迫与碱胁迫均显著降低羊草幼苗的长度、鲜重与含水量,且碱胁迫抑制作用更强。2种胁迫均造成羊草幼苗Na⁺浓度与Na⁺/K⁺升高,并且K⁺浓度下降,但是在碱胁迫下,Na⁺ 浓度、Na⁺/K⁺上升幅度与K⁺下降幅度均大于盐胁迫。另外,在盐胁迫下,羊草幼苗大量积累Cl^-,有机酸含量变化不大;而在碱胁迫下,Cl^-,NO₃^-与H₂PO₄^-均呈下降趋势,而有机酸则大量积累,其中苹果酸、柠檬酸是主要的有机酸组分,可溶性糖是羊草幼苗在两种胁迫下共同的渗透调节物质。上述结果表明,碱胁迫由于具有高pH,对羊草早期幼苗生长的抑制作用更强,Cl^-与有机酸积累特征的差异表明羊草早期幼苗在盐胁迫与碱胁迫下具有不同的适应策略。     

温热环境对育肥猪体温调节的影响规律

环境温湿度是影响育肥猪福利、生长及健康的重要因素。猪属于恒温动物,当环境温湿度发生变化时,可以通过调整自身的产热量、采食量、呼吸频率、皮肤温度及体核温度等指标来维持产热和散热的平衡,从而在一定温湿度范围内维持体温的恒定。本文总结和分析了育肥猪在不同环境温湿度条件下体温调节指标发生剧烈变化的顺序,判断不同温度下育肥猪的舒适状态,为今后研究、建立猪舒适环境参数,科学调控猪舍内的温热环境提供参考。     

Salivary testosterone measurements in growing pigs: validation of an automated chemiluminescent immunoassay and its possible use as an acute stress marker

This study aimed to validate the use of an automated chemiluminescent immunoassay analyser for salivary testosterone measurements in growing pigs and study how circadian pattern during daytime and stress can influence its values. The test method had intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation lower than 10%. The method showed good linearity and recovery, and detection limits were low enough to detect salivary testosterone levels. No significant differences were observed in testosterone concentrations at different sampling time, and age and gender did not influence circadian pattern. In addition, this assay was used to quantify testosterone in two models of acute stress and, in both cases, significant increases (P < 0.01) in salivary testosterone were detected. Therefore, the automated assay system tested for porcine testosterone determinations would be suitable for its use in saliva samples and, furthermore, salivary testosterone levels could be used as a possible marker of acute stress in pigs.     

Research on the Antioxident Function of Sulforaphane on the Leydig Cells of Cadmium Exposured Mice

The study was aimed to explore the antioxident function of sulforaphane (SFN) on the leydig cells of cadmium (Cd) exposured mice.Cd and SFN were added to the cell culture medium of TM3 cell, half inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of Cd and SFN safe dose range were determined.The tested model was set up,and the relative survival rate of TM3 cells, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and cell antioxidant levels were determined to study the antioxident function of SFN to cadmium exposured mice.The results showed that:①With the increase of Cd concentration,the relative survival rate of TM3 cells was decreased,and the IC₅₀ of Cd was 51.4 μmol/L;Within a certain concentration range,SFN could increased the cells survive rate,but there was toxicity when the SFN concentration was more than the scope,and the greater the concentration,the greater the toxicity. At experimental condition,SFN safety concentration were 2.5,5 and 10 μmol/L.②Compared with the control group,the GSH content,the T-SOD and GSH-Px activities in Cd group were significantly or extremely significantly decreased (P < 0.05;P < 0.01),and the LDH activity,the MDA content were increased.Additionally,the LDH activity and MDA content of SFN groups were decreased,while others three indexes were increased. Compared with Cd group,the GSH content,the T-SOD and GSH-Px activities of Cd+SFN groups were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P < 0.05;P < 0.01),however,the LDH activity,MDA content were decreased. The result indicated that SFN had the antagonism effect on toxicity of Cd in TM3 cell.     

白羊草叶片和根系干旱胁迫下microRNAs差异表达分析

为了探索干旱胁迫下白羊草miRNAs的组织特异性,本研究在干旱胁迫下白羊草（Bothriochloa ischaemum）转录组数据的基础上,采用Illumina测序技术和生物信息学方法,对干旱胁迫和正常生长条件下白羊草苗期叶片和根系miRNAs（microRNAs）进行鉴定和表达分析研究。结果从4个库中鉴定出白羊草中有属于20个家族的79个已知miRNAs和92个新miRNAs。干旱胁迫后叶片和根系中差异表达的miRNAs分别有65个（上调28和下调37）和27个（上调15和下调12）。响应干旱胁迫的主要miRNAs为miR156,miR164,miR166,miR169,miR172,miR396,miR398,miR408,miR528。对这些miRNAs预测的靶基因进行GO生物功能和KEGG代谢通路富集分析表明,植物激素信号转导是叶片和根系响应干旱胁迫共同富集的主要代谢通路,而黄酮类化合物生物合成则是干旱胁迫下叶片富集的最主要代谢通路。     

盐胁迫对5份无芒雀麦苗期生长和生理生化的影响及综合性评价

为了明确不同无芒雀麦苗期耐盐能力的强弱,本研究选择5份不同株型的无芒雀麦作为供试材料。根据新疆土壤盐碱成分设置中性盐(M盐)：NaCl∶Na₂SO₄∶Na₂CO₃=1∶4∶0和碱性盐(A盐)：NaCl∶Na₂SO₄∶Na₂CO₃=1∶1∶8两种处理,于三叶期每盆一次性浇灌2 L电导率(EC)为20 ms·cm^-1的盐处理液,CK浇灌等量自来水。处理30 d后测定生长指标、叶绿素荧光特性参数、丙二醛(MDA)和渗透调节物质含量,并通过相关性分析、主成分分析、隶属函数分析对13个指标进行分析评价。结果表明：除F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o外,盐胁迫显著影响其余11个指标,且5份材料间差异显著(P<0.05);5份无芒雀麦的株高、茎粗、分蘖数、地上生物量、根冠比、MDA和脯氨酸含量在不同盐胁迫下表现出不同的适应变...     

高温条件下复合抗应激剂对肉鸡的影响

本文研究了高温条件下复合抗应激剂对肉鸡的影响。结果表明：经历３２ ℃一周的５ ～８ 周龄肉鸡采食量、增重、饲料转化率均显著下降（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ,饮服复合抗应激剂显著改善增重和饲料转化率（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） , 采食量未见明显改变,饲料转化率达到常温水平。３２ ℃１６ 小时血浆皮质酮、Ｔ３ 显著下降（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） 、Ｔ４ 显著升高（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ;３２ ℃１２０ 小时血浆皮质酮、Ｔ３ 升高并超出常温组（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 、Ｔ４ 较１６ 小时下降但仍高出常温组（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 。饮服复合抗应激剂时血浆皮质酮、Ｔ３ 、Ｔ４ 显现相同变化规律,但这种变化得到显著缓解