德系安哥拉兔的生长特性

德系安哥拉兔不仅以产毛量高、毛质好而著称,而且有生长迅速、体成熟早、体型大的特点。六月龄时已达成年体重的87.37％。母兔的初配可在此时进行,公兔可延迟一个月配种。四月龄与六月龄体重和成年体重的相关系数分别为0.505与0.508,这为德系安哥拉兔体重的早期选择提供了有利时机。     

The origin,evolution, cultivation,dissemination, and diversification of Asian and African rices

Summary Available evidences drawn from biosystematics, evolutionary biology, biogeography, archaeology, history, anthropology, paleo-geology and paleo-meteorology are pooled to reconstruct the series of events that led to the cosmopolitan cultivation of the Asian cultivated rice (O. sativa) and the regionalized planting of the African cultigen (O. glaberrima) in West Africa. The genus Oryza originated in the Gondwanaland continents and, following the fracture of the supercontinent, became widely distributed in the humid tropics of Africa, South America, South and Southeast Asia, and Oceania. The two cultivated species have had a common progenitor in the distant past. Parallel and independent evolutionary processes occurred in Africa and in Asia, following the sequence of: wild perennialwild annualcultivated annual. The weed races also contributed to the differentiation of the cultivated annuals. The corresponding members of the above series are O. longistaminata Chev. et Roehr., O. barthii A. Chev., O. glaberrima Steud., and the stapfii forms of O. glaberrima in Africa; O. rufipogon Griff., O. nivara Sharma et Shastry, O. sativa L., and the spontanea forms of O. sativa in Asia.The differentiation and diversification of the annuals in South Asia were accelerated by marked climatic changes following the last glacial age, dispersal of plants over latitude or altitude, human selection, and manipulation of the cultural environment.Cultivation of rice began in many parts of South and Southeast Asia, probably first in Ancient India. Cultural techniques such as puddling and transplanting were first developed in north and central China and later transmitted to Southeast Asia. Wetland culture preceded dryland culture in China, but in hilly areas of Southeast Asia, dryland cultivation is older than lowland culture. The planting method progressed from shifting cultivation to direct sowing in permanent fields, then to transplanting in bunded fields.Widespread dispersal of the Asian cultigen led to the formation of three eco-geographic races (Indica. Sinica or Japonica, and Javanica) and distinct cultural types in monsoon Asia (upland, lowland, and deep water). Varietal types changed readily within the span of a millenium, largely due to cultivators' preferences, socio-religious traditions, and population pressure. Genetic differentiation developed parallel to the ecologic diversification process.The African cultigen developed later than the Asian cultigen and has undergone less diversification. The wild races in South America and Oceania retain their primitive features mainly due to lack of cultivation pressure or dispersal.Both the African and Asian rices are still undergoing evolutionary changes at habitats where the wild, weed, and cultivated races co-exist.     

Evaluation of the germ plasm collection of safflower,Carthamus tinctorius L. VII. Variability of capitulum width and outer involucral bracts' dimensions

Summary A germ plasm collection of safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L., with about 900 lines from over twenty countries was evaluated in Utah, USA for head width and outer involucral bracts (OIB) dimensions, traits affected by both human and natural selection. The regional germ plasm pools contained considerable variability for these traits. Plants bearing short or long as well as narrow or wide OIB were well adapted. Geographical clines were detected for the means of OIB dimensions, indicating possible gene flow. The correlations of the OIB dimensions with yield, yield components, oil content and growing period were not instructive and at times very inconsistent. Primary head diameter varied considerably within the regional gene pools. Its correlations with yield/plant, number of heads/plant, seed weight and oil content were inconsistent. Capitulum width was positively and significantly correlated with the number of seeds per head. Head diameter, however, can vary considerably without affecting seed yield per unit area.     

一种新型集蔗器的结构设计及其有限元分析

集蔗器是甘蔗收割机中用来收集甘蔗的装置。通过总结前人所设计的集蔗器的优缺点,提出了一种新型集蔗机构—挡板式斜集集蔗器,并进行了结构设计、参数计算和三维建模;最后,为了验证所设计的集蔗器转轴的尺寸的合理性,通过有限元分析了软件ANSYS分析它在受外力情况下的变形情况和整体的应力分布情况。     

基于烟叶致香成分建立烤烟香型分类模型方法研究

为筛选出基于烟叶致香成分数据建立烤烟香型分类的最优模型,以便于较好地对烤烟的香型进行正确分类。首先对142 个烤烟烟叶样品中的45 个指标采用行业标准进行检测,然后采用逐步回归法筛选出14 个烟叶致香成分,依据这14 个指标采用判别分析法、Logistic 回归、高斯混合模型、分类树、K最邻近法、人工神经网络和支持向量机7种方法进行建模。通过对不同方法建立的模型采用100次随机抽取训练集样本和测试样本计算错误分类率,选择错误分类率较低的模型作为优选模型。结果表明,线性判别法和高斯混和模型建立的2 种香型函数能较好地对未知样品的香型进行正确分类,且效果较好（正确率可达90%以上）。研究筛选出的2种优选模型对于烤烟香型分类研究具有一定的应用价值。     

磷、钾对番茄可溶性碳水化合物分配的影响

以番茄苗为试验材料,研究了不同浓度磷、钾对番茄植株可溶性碳水化舍物分配的影响。结果表明：磷、钾亏缺处理45d后,与正常磷、钾处理相比,磷亏缺的植株冠根比下降,而钾亏缺的植株冠根比则上升。钾亏缺的植株叶片中,蔗糖、还原糖和总可溶性糖含量均表现为上升,根中则表现为下降。磷亏缺的植株叶片中,蔗糖、还原糖和总可溶性糖含量基本不变,而在根中则表现为不同程度的增加。在叶和根的总可溶性糖中,钾亏缺和磷亏缺的植株,根部总可溶性糖所占的比例分别为10．71％和45．65％,两者的对照分别为28．63％和33．11％。上述结果表明,钾和磷在光合产物的转运中所起的作用不同,植株中营养元素亏缺不同,干物质在不同部位的分配也不同。     

小白菜小孢子培养胚状体的诱导

21个小白菜品种小孢子培养结果表明:适宜的花蕾长为2.5~3.5mm,花瓣与花药长度比为1/2~3/4;0.05~0.10 mg.L-1的细胞分裂素能促进小孢子胚的发生,高于此浓度的细胞分裂素对小孢子胚的产生有抑制作用,并使小孢子胚向畸形化发展;0.05mg.L-16-BA 0.10 mg.L-1NAA的配比可以明显提高成熟胚的比例。     

改性聚丙烯酸酯包膜控释肥料的控释性能研究

针对应用流化床包衣设备进行水溶性高分子聚合物包膜肥料中试生产中存在的问题,研究了交联剂用量对膜材料表面结构与疏水性能的影响,以及不同后处理工艺对改善包膜肥料控释性能的作用。结果表明,以水溶性高分子聚丙烯酸乳液为主成分的包膜材料中添加交联剂(氮丙啶)的比例由1%(质量百分数,下同)增加至2%,肥料包膜表面结构变得更加平整致密,疏水性能也有所增强,控释效果显著提升。在40℃静水浸泡的9 d时间内前者释放了90%以上的养分,而后者仅释放了约40%的养分。不同后处理工艺对增强包膜肥料的控释性能作用不一。烘箱加热的效果远好于微波处理,且当交联剂添加比例较低(0.3%)时,在一定范围内(60℃~80℃)升高后处理温度,包膜肥料的控释性能显著增强。而当交联剂添加比例增至1%以上时,升温对其控释性能几乎无影响。     

微生物菌肥与化学肥料配施对盈江省藤生长的影响

为了解不同肥料种类及其施肥量对盈江省藤生长的影响,采用L₉(3⁴)正交试验设计对其2年生幼林进行连续3年的微生物菌肥与复合肥和磷肥配施试验。结果表明,3年中不同因素的各水平组合间苗木的地径、株高、叶片数和冠幅均呈现极显著的差异(P<0.01)。施用复合肥和磷肥总体呈现显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)地抑制盈江省藤生长的现象。不同肥料配施试验组合的地径、株高和叶片数均大于对照的相应指标。试验期间,单施微生物菌肥0.3~0.6 g/株即可满足盈江省藤生长的需求。     

果蔬汁加工技术进展

我国是水果和蔬菜生产大国,产量均居世界第一位。发展果蔬汁产业可以提高果蔬的附加值,具有明显的经济和社会效益。近年来,我国果蔬汁的加工技术取得了一定的进步。介绍了近年果蔬汁饮料加工领域的新技术,以及果蔬加工的发展方向。