晋西黄土区土壤剖面水分动态研究

 通过对2004年7—10月、2005年4—10月不同植被类型土壤剖面水分状况的监测,分析研究黄土区剖面土壤水分的分布特征、季节动态变化、变异特征和不同植被类型对剖面土壤水分状况的影响。结果表明:2004年剖面土壤水分呈上高下低的分布特征,2005年剖面土壤水分呈小幅度的递增变化;土壤水分在剖面上的变化包括先减少后增加“<”型和先增加后减小再增加的倒“S”型、先增后减再增再减的波浪型;在观测期,土壤剖面各土层土壤水分含量在随时间变化呈现减少趋势,与降水量关系显著;土壤水分的变异系数地表（0～20cm）最大,0～100cm土层呈减小趋势,100～200cm土层基本保持不变,将100～120cm土深作为土壤水分速变和稳定的分界限。     

黄河源区气候温暖化及其对植被生产力影响评价

在分析黄河源区气温、降水变化的基础上，用Turc经验模式计算黄河源区的蒸散量，同时分析了近十几年来土壤湿度、植被地上净初级生产力的变化特征。结果表明，1959—2005年，黄河源区年平均气温按0．0284℃／a的变率升高，降水变化态势平稳，但蒸散量增加趋势明显，上升倾向率达0．7315mm／a，气温上升趋势与年代增加具有明显的相关性。从1987年以来土壤湿度的监测结果分析得知，黄河源区下垫面蒸散量的加大使土壤向干暖化发展。这种气候因素的影响，导致近十几年来植被地上净初级生产力按9．506g／（m^2a）的倾向率下降。     

The effect of land cover/vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau,China

Severe soil and water loss has lead to widespread land degradation in China's loess plateau. During the past decades, a great deal of effort was made on vegetation restoration to reduce soil and water loss in the loess plateau. However, due to water shortage the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected. As part of a vegetation restoration project, we conducted research aiming to understand the relationship between vegetation pattern and soil water dynamics. The goal was to find vegetation types appropriate for the loess plateau with scarce water resources. In 1986, fifteen plots of land were planted with five vegetation types: pine woodland, shrubland, sloping cropland, alfalfa and semi-natural grassland. Soil water content, runoff, soil erosion were measured for each plot. Environmental variables, such as rainfall, evaporation and temperature, were recorded simultaneously by an automated meteorological station. The relationship between land cover pattern and soil water dynamic was evaluated by using statistical models. We found that: (1) soil water loss occurred during the growing season, and it reached the maximum in the second half of July; (2) soil water was not fully replenished from rainfall during the rainy season; (3) pine woodland induced the largest water loss to surface runoff, followed by sloping cropland, alfalfa, semi-natural grassland and shrubland; the poor capability of pine woodland for water conservation may be attributed to soil compaction and poor ground coverage under the tree; (4) in most cases, soil water of the five vegetation types was low except for shrubland and semi-natural grassland where it was moderate-high during a few periods. These conditions inhibit sustainable vegetation growth in the semi-arid loess hilly area of the loess plateau, China.     

翻耕与压实对坡地土壤溶质迁移过程的影响

采用田间模拟降雨试验方法,研究地表翻耕与压实处理对坡地产流产沙及溶质迁移特征的影响。结果表明：与压实处理比较,翻耕坡地初始产流时间延长近3倍,降雨向土壤水转化率提高10％以上,产沙量增加67％;翻耕处理明显降低溶解态磷（DP）和泥沙浸提态磷（SEP）的流失量,但磷素流失形态（DP与SEP的比值）并未显著变化,始终以颗粒态形式流失为主;翻耕处理显著改变了溴的流失形态,溶解态溴（Br）与泥沙浸提态溴（SBr）流失量比值减少了72％;翻耕处理提高了溴（或硝态氮）的淋失概率,增大污染地下水体的潜在危险。因此,合理配置坡地免耕或翻耕措施,有机结合其他农艺耕作措施,对减少坡地水土及养分流失具有重要实践意义。     

晋西黄土区土壤水分时空分布规律

通过对山西省吉县蔡家川小流域坡面25个样点土壤水分的测定（烘干法）,采用地统计学方法研究了晋西黄土区坡面土壤水分时空变异规律。研究结果表明,理论变异函数模型很好地反映了晋西黄土区坡面土壤水分的空间结构特性。不同坡向的土壤水分具有强烈和中等的空间自相关,这意味着土壤水分在坡面尺度上具有明显的空间自相关。这一点也可以从分维数的大小得到验证。通过运用地统计学方法对土壤水分的分布进行分析,为研究晋西黄土区土壤水分时空分布规律提出了新的研究思路。     

黄土区不同地类土壤水分入渗与模拟研究

以晋西黄土区为研究对象,研究黄土区土壤的水分入渗规律。为了更好地研究不同环境因子（尤其是立地、坡度、植被）对于土壤入渗性能的影响,在不同的土地利用条件下,对不同地貌部位进行了野外入渗实验。研究结果表明土壤渗透率随时间的变化规律是:在开始时渗透率最大,继之随时间而降低;林地累计入渗量明显高于其它用地。此外,林地的土壤入渗速率为最优,道路路面为最小。研究表明Philip方程能够很好地对当地土壤入渗进行模拟。     

宁夏南部山区不同土地类型土壤养分的分布特征研究

通过对宁夏南部山区阳洼流域不同土地类型下土壤养分分布特征进行研究,结果表明:流域土壤养分整体上表现为草地>农地>梯田>林地>沟道.流域各类型下土壤养分随土层深度增加,有逐渐下降的趋势.在α=0.05下,不同土层间土壤速效磷、速效钾、全磷存在显著差异.在不同土地类型下土壤全磷受母质影响,变异系数仅为21.41%,在土壤中以稳定态存在,而流域有效磷的变异系数可达178.56%,土壤有效磷含量的空间分布较为复杂,易受随机因素影响.草地利用类型下土壤有机质、碱解氮的变异系数为35.24%,29.04%,远高于林地利用类型.pH值与速效磷、全氮、有机质和碱解氮都有极显著的相关关系,有机质和碱解氮、全氮相关性较高,相关系数(R)分别为0.914**,0.839**,而全磷与有效磷之间没有表现出明显相关关系.     

云南不同生态区域15单株罗望子果实性状比较研究初探

以云南5个生态区域采集的15株罗望子的果实为材料,对果实的16个性状进行分析研究,探讨罗望子果实品质进而筛选优良种质。结果表明：15株罗望子果实性状中,除了果实弯系数差异不显著,其余的果实性状指标差异都极显著。YM3的单果重（14.04g）、果肉重（6.63g）、种子重（4.79g）、种子数（10）最大,可以作为优良单株进行保存、繁殖后代。罗望子果实各个指标之间存在着显著或极显著的正相关或负相关性。     

DNA分子标记检测家蚕苏菊、明虎品种和纯度的研究

利用单粒卵微量DNA抽提法,从江苏省家蚕主要品种苏菊、明虎及其一代杂交种蚕卵快速提取出基因组DNA,用筛选出的 RAPD随机引物S77稳定扩增出苏菊、明虎的DNA特异性片段RS和RM,克隆和测序后大小分别为1694bp和1303bp,使用Blastn程序在NCBI 数据库检索发现,Rs的nt30-429与一个家蚕WGS(whole genome shotgun sequence)(dbj|BAAB01119085．1,contis504766)的nt472-874有92％的同源性,其中存在11个空缺位点(Gaps);RM的nt1070-1301与另一个家蚕WGS(dbj|BAAB01141578．1,contig554782)的nt262-31有91％的碱基相同,其中存在2个Gaps。进一步根据RS和RM序列合成SCAR标记引物PS-1(FP:5’ttccccccagtacgcaataac3’,RP:5’ ttccccccagacgtcacgtact3’)和PM-1(FP:5’ttcccccagtgatggaatttacg3’,RP:5’ttccccccagtccaatgttaca3’),能够准确、快速地鉴别所标记的苏菊、明虎及其F1蚕品种。     

Community structure and carbon and nitrogen storage of sagebrush desert under grazing exclusion in Northwest China

Overgrazing is regarded as one of the key factors of vegetation and soil degradation in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.Grazing exclusion(GE)is one of the most common pathways used to restore degraded grasslands and to improve their ecosystem services.Nevertheless,there are still significant controversies concerning GE’s effects on grassland diversity as well as carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)storage.It remains poorly understood in the arid desert regions,whilst being essential for the sustainable use of grassland resources.To assess the effects of GE on community characteristics and C and N storage of desert plant community in the arid desert regions,we investigated the community structure and plant biomass,as well as C and N storage of plants and soil(0-100 cm depth)in short-term GE(three years)plots and adjacent long-term freely grazing(FG)plots in the areas of sagebrush desert in Northwest China,which are important both for spring-autumn seasonal pasture and for ecological conservation.Our findings indicated that GE was beneficial to the average height,coverage and aboveground biomass(including stems,leaves and inflorescences,and litter)of desert plant community,to the species richness and importance values of subshrubs and perennial herbs,and to the biomass C and N storage of aboveground parts(P<0.05).However,GE was not beneficial to the importance values of annual herbs,root/shoot ratio and total N concentration in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers(P<0.05).Additionally,the plant density,belowground biomass,and soil organic C concentration and C storage in the 0-100 cm soil layer could not be significantly changed by short-term GE(three years).The results suggest that,although GE was not beneficial for C sequestration in the sagebrush desert ecosystem,it is an effective strategy for improving productivity,diversity,and C and N storage of plants.As a result,GE can be used to rehabilitate degraded grasslands in the arid desert regions of Northwest China.