Modeling spatial variability in the life-cycle costs of low-volume forest roads

Cost estimation is probably the most decisive factor in the process of computer-aided, preliminary planning for low-volume road networks. However, the cost of construction is normally assumed to be route-independent for a specific project area, resulting in sub-optimal layouts. This is especially true for mountainous terrain and in areas with unstable subsoil. Here, we present a model for more accurately estimating spatial variability in road life-cycle costs, based on terrain surface properties as well as geological properties of the subsoil. This parametric model incorporates four structural components: embankment, retaining structures, pavement, and drainage and stream-crossing structures. It is linked to a geo-database that allows users to derive location-specific parameter values as input. In applying this model, we have demonstrated that variability in costs ranges widely for mountainous areas, with the most expensive construction being approximately five times greater there than on more favorable sites. This variability strongly affects the optimal layout of a road network. First, when location-specific slope gradients are considered, costs are reduced by about 17% from those calculated via currently available engineering practices; when both slope gradient and geotechnical formations are included, those costs are decreased by about 20%. Second, the length of the road network is increased by about 4% and 10% respectively, compared with current practices.     

Some developmental differences inEpinotia granitalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) between two host tree species

To detect developmental differences inEpinotia granitalis in two host tree speciesCryptomeria japonica andChamaecyparis obtusa, the fourth or fifth instar larvae were collected daily from the two species located on the grounds of the National Forest Tree Breeding Center, from April 19 to May 9 in 1994 and April 18 to May 10 in 1995. Larvae ofE. granitalis collected fromC. obtusa had heavier body weight, developed to larger adults than those collected fromC. japonica, and mortality from the fourth or fifth instar larval stage to adults onC. obtusa was lower than that onC. japonica. All these facts suggest that larval performance onC. obtusa was higher than that onC. japonica.     

欧美杨无性系的对比试验

试验表明 ,38个 4年生欧美杨无性系间的树高、胸径、年生长量、造林成活率差异均呈极显著水平。用座标综合法评价了各无性系的优劣 ,从中初选出 6个优良无性系 ,其胸径和全高分别比对照高 2 1%和 2 0 %。     

枫香木材改性利用研究

采取清水浸泡、药物蒸煮、干燥和ＰＣ树脂浸渍处理等措施，对易裂难干、易发生翘曲变形、使用价值较低的枫香木材进行改性处理，可以显著降低其干缩差异，减少翘曲变形，实现均匀干燥．从而大大改善其加工性能和耐腐程度，提高利用价值．实践证明，以浸泡时间为６个月，蒸煮时间为４８ｈ，药量配比为１号药液：２号药液＝０．５％：１．５％进行改性处理的效果最为理想．     

利用试差法确定林业抽样调查中的样本容量

本文针对正态总体的情形,讨论了如何利用试差法确定样本容量,即利用 n=1+s~2/(Δ (?)~2)·t~2_(n-1)(a) 式反复迭代,直到求出的n值差异很小为止,这时的n值即为所求的样本容量。文中并给出了试差法在林业中的应用实例。     

关于货位可移动式货架立体仓库的探讨

在现有自动化立体仓库设备的基础上提出了一种新型的以货位可移动式货架为核心的自动化仓库作业方案,阐述了该模式下实现货物自动入库、出库的工作原理以及相关的拣货方法和机械设备的选择.并通过与几种不同设备的比较得出该方案的优势,为现代物流自动化仓库的发展提出了新的思想理念.     

Quantitative Accuracy of the Simplified Strong Ion Equation to Predict Serum pH in Dogs

Background

Electrochemical approach to the assessment of acid‐base states should provide a better mechanistic explanation of the metabolic component than methods that consider only pH and carbon dioxide.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Simplified strong ion equation (SSIE), using published dog‐specific values, would predict the measured serum pH of diseased dogs.

Animals

Ten dogs, hospitalized for various reasons.

Methods

Prospective study of a convenience sample of a consecutive series of dogs admitted to the Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (MUVTH), from which serum biochemistry and blood gas analyses were performed at the same time. Serum pH was calculated (Hcal+) using the SSIE, and published values for the concentration and dissociation constant for the nonvolatile weak acids (A_tot and K _a), and subsequently Hcal+ was compared with the dog''s actual pH (Hmeasured+). To determine the source of discordance between Hcal+ and Hmeasured+, the calculations were repeated using a series of substituted values for A_tot and K _a.

Results

The Hcal+ did not approximate the Hmeasured+ for any dog (P = 0.499, r ² = 0.068), and was consistently more basic. Substituted values A_tot and K _a did not significantly improve the accuracy (r ² = 0.169 to <0.001). Substituting the effective SID (Atot−[HCO3−]) produced a strong association between Hcal+ and Hmeasured+ (r ² = 0.977).

Conclusions and clinical importance

Using the simplified strong ion equation and the published values for A_tot and K _a does not appear to provide a quantitative explanation for the acid‐base status of dogs. Efficacy of substituting the effective SID in the simplified strong ion equation suggests the error lies in calculating the SID.     

种植和秸秆还田模式对一季稻产量和产量因子的影响

以籼型常规稻华航38号为材料,设置了T1(CK、不施肥、一季稻+冬闲、稻草移走)、T2(NPK全量、一季稻+紫云英、稻草移走)、T3(NPK全量、一季稻+紫云英、稻草还田)、T4(NP全量、K减半、一季稻+紫云英、稻草还田)、T5(NPK全量、一季稻+冬闲、秸秆全部移走)、T6(NPK全量、一季稻+油菜、秸秆全部移走)、T7(NPK全量、一季稻+油菜、秸秆全部还田)、T8(NPK全量,一季稻+油菜,稻草还田)、T9(NP全量、K减半、一季稻+油菜、稻草还田)共9个种植和秸秆还田方式组合处理,通过2016—2019年定位试验,考察了各处理对一季稻产量和产量形成的影响。结果表明：较不施肥处理,施N、P、K肥在2016和2017年对一季稻产量和地上部分总生物量提升效果不明显;待土壤基础地力耗竭后,2018和2019年分别增产53.65%和21.93%,且均达显著水平(P<0.05);除2018年外,冬种油菜可显著提升水稻产量;秸秆还田或移走处理在水稻产量、株高、地上部分总生物量方面差异均不显著;不同种植模式和秸秆还田方式主要通过调节单位面积有效穗数和每穗总粒数影响产量形成;冬种绿肥+稻草还田条件下,减量施钾50%依然能使一季稻保持稳产。     

呕吐毒素降解菌A4的分离及降解特性研究

为了给呕吐毒素（DON）污染的谷物和饲料脱毒提供菌株资源,本研究从赤霉病污染区域的小麦田采集土壤样品,通过富集培养,分离筛选到一株DON降解菌,通过形态、16S rDNA、gyrB基因序列对降解菌进行菌种鉴定,液相色谱串联质谱和核磁共振鉴定降解产物,明确其降解途径和解毒机制,通过菌株生长特性、降解特性和基因组间差异分析比较DON降解菌A4、A8和A16之间的差异。结果表明：分离筛选获得DON降解菌A4,该菌能在10 h内降解9.7 μg·mLP＞-1P＞ DON,降解率高达97%。经鉴定,A4为德沃斯氏菌（Devosia sp.）。A4通过降解DON为3-keto-DON进行脱毒。A4的最适生长温度为35℃,最适NaCl浓度为2%,其耐热性和耐盐性优于菌株A8和A16。A4的最适降解温度为35℃、最适降解pH为8.0,其降解速率高于菌株A8和A16。通过平均核苷酸相似度（ANI）分析,A4与A8和A16之间的ANI分别为81.54%和77.87%,均低于95%,因此属于不同种的菌株。研究表明,筛选得到的新型DON脱毒菌株A4具有良好的抗逆性,为DON的污染控制提供了新的降解菌资源。     

基于奇异谱和相关性分析的木材声发射源直线定位算法研究

针对木材声发射（acoustic emission,AE）信号的随机特性,提出了一种基于奇异谱和信号相关性分析的木材表面AE源直线定位算法。首先,依据ASTM标准通过折断铅芯的方式分别在樟子松和榉木试件表面产生AE源,并在顺纹理方向布置2个AE传感器,其中采样频率设置为500 kHz。然后,采用奇异谱分析（singular spectrum analysis,SSA）算法提高AE信号的信噪比,再分别基于信号相关性和最大值分析2种方法计算AE信号在木材表面顺纹理方向的传播速度。最后,依据AE信号传播时差和计算速度,基于时差定位原理设计AE源定位算法。并针对SSA处理前后的AE信号,采用不同定位算法进行比较试验。结果表明,直接对原始AE信号采用基于信号相关性和最大值分析方法确定信号传播速度时,樟子松试件2个不同位置AE源的定位误差分别为51.8%、55.7%和75.7%、46.6%;榉木试件2个不同位置AE源的定位误差分别为52.0%、44.8%和37.7%、45.5%。而对于经SSA处理后的AE信号,樟子松试件相应的定位误差分别为5.1%、33.2%和2.6%、31.7%;榉木试件相应的定位误差分别为3.1%、54.9%和5.1%、22.9%。因此,对原始AE信号进行SSA降噪处理后,再基于信号相关性分析方法确定信号传播速度,能够显著提高木材表面AE源的定位精度。