长期施肥对土和黄绵土腐殖质结合形态影响及与肥力的关系

对长期施用化肥和有机肥腐殖质结合形态进行了系统研究，结果表明，土和黄绵土腐殖质以紧结态含量为主，其次是松结态，再次是稳结态；长期施有机肥或配施化肥，土壤腐殖质含量增加，松／紧（松结态／紧结态，下同）比值提高；长期施用化肥，紧结态腐殖质含量增加，松／紧比值降低；与松结态腐殖质关系最为密切的农化性状是碱解氮和速效磷，与稳结态腐殖质关系最为密切的是速效磷和ＣａＣＯ３，与紧结态腐殖质关系最为密切的是碱解氮和全氮。     

The amelioration effects of low temperature biochar generated from nine crop residues on an acidic Ultisol

Biochar was prepared using a low temperature pyrolysis method from nine plant materials including non‐leguminous straw from canola, wheat, corn, rice and rice hull and leguminous straw from soybean, peanut, faba bean and mung bean. Soil pH increased during incubation of the soil with all nine biochar samples added at 10 g/kg. The biochar from legume materials resulted in greater increases in soil pH than from non‐legume materials. The addition of biochar also increased exchangeable base cations, effective cation exchange capacity, and base saturation, whereas soil exchangeable Al and exchangeable acidity decreased as expected. The liming effects of the biochar samples on soil acidity correlated with alkalinity with a close linear correlation between soil pH and biochar alkalinity (R² = 0.95). Therefore, biochar alkalinity is a key factor in controlling the liming effect on acid soils. The incorporation of biochar from crop residues, especially from leguminous plants, can both correct soil acidity and improve soil fertility.     

Nitrogen mineralization and reorganization in casts of the geophagous tropical earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Glossoscolecidae)

Summary Mineral N concentrations ranged from 133.1 to 167.8 g g^-1 dry soil in fresh casts of the endogeic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus fed on an Amazonian Ultisol; this was approximately five times the concentration in non-ingested soil. Most of this N was in the form of NH _inf4 ^sup+ . N also accumulated in microbial biomass, which increased from a control value of 10.5–11.3 to 67.5–74.1 g g^-1 in fresh casts. During a 16-day incubation, part of the NH _inf4 ^sup+ -N was nitrified and/or transferred to the microbial biomass. Total labile N (i.e., mineral+biomas N) decreased sharply at first (ca. 50% in the first 12 h), and then more slowly. The exact fate of this N (microbial metabolites, denitrification, or volatilization) is not known. After 16 days, the overall N content of the casts was still 28% higher than that of the control soil. Incubation of the soil before ingestion by the earthworms significantly increased the production of NH _inf4 ^sup+ in casts. We calculate that in a humid tropical pasture, 50–100 kg mineral N may be produced annually in earthworm casts. Part of this N may be conserved in the compact structure of the cast where the cast is not in close contact with plant roots.     

几种侵蚀红壤有机无机复合状况及其与土壤养分的关系

用傅积平改进法测定了亚热带3种(轻度、中度和严重)侵蚀红壤的有机无机复合状况,并分析了其与土壤养分的关系。试验得出:随着红壤由轻度、中度到严重侵蚀的变化,土壤养分(有机质、全氮和全磷)含量逐渐减小;供试红壤腐殖质的结合形态主要以紧结合态和松结合态为主,稳结合态腐殖质含量最少;随着红壤侵蚀程度的增强,结合态腐殖质含量和有机无机复合量均减少,土壤有机无机复合度变化不明显。土壤复合量与结合态腐殖质、团聚体水稳性呈极显著正相关,有机无机复合度与它们也正相关。红壤的养分因子中,全氮、全磷和有机质与土壤结合态腐殖质的相关性较好,而全钾和阳离子交换量与土壤结合态腐殖质的相关性不大。3种结合态腐殖质中,紧结合态与红壤养分(全氮、全磷和有机质)的相关性最高。     

温度和氮添加对旱地红壤反硝化功能基因丰度的影响

研究旱地红壤反硝化微生物功能基因nirS、nirK、nosZ I和nosZ Ⅱ的丰度对温度和氮添加的响应，可为农田红壤养分管理和生态环境保护提供指导建议。本研究以长期常规氮磷钾施肥的旱地红壤为研究对象，设置0 mg N/kg、25 mg N/kg、50 mg N/kg三个氮添加处理，15 ℃、25 ℃、35 ℃三个温度处理，进行微宇宙培养实验。在培养的第7和30天破坏性采集土样，进行DNA提取，测定反硝化微生物功能基因丰度。结果表明：培养7天后，nirS、nirK、nosZ I和nosZ Ⅱ基因丰度都在25 ℃时最高。培养30天后，nirS、nirK、nosZ I和nosZ Ⅱ基因丰度在15 ℃时最高，且随着温度升高而下降。氮添加对反硝化微生物功能基因丰度无显著影响。三因素方差分析表明，温度、氮添加和培养时间的交互作用显著影响反硝化微生物功能基因丰度。综上，旱地农田反硝化功能基因丰度受氮添加影响较小，但受温度显著影响，其丰度可能会呈现出日变化和季节变化，在土壤采样和氧化亚氮动态监测时应特别注意。