利用基因组信息提高畜禽生产性能研究进展

为了满足人们对畜产品需求的快速增长，必须在加快畜禽产业发展的同时把对环境的影响降到最低，提高畜禽遗传特性有望促进这一问题的解决。进入21世纪以来，以基因组选择为核心的分子育种技术迎来了发展机遇，利用该技术可实现早期准确选择，从而大幅度缩短世代间隔，加快群体遗传进展，并显著降低育种成本。虽然在某些畜种中（如奶牛），基因组选择取得了成功，群体也获得较大遗传进展，但仍无法满足快速增长的需求。因此，亟需寻找能够进一步加快遗传进展的方法。研究表明，在SNP标记数据中加入目标性状的已知功能基因信息，可以提高基因组育种值预测的准确性，进而加快遗传进展。而挖掘更多基因组信息的同时，开发更优化的分析方法可以更有助于目标的实现。文章总结了主要畜禽物种的可用基因组数据，包括牛、绵羊、山羊、猪和鸡以及这些数据是如何有助于鉴定影响重要性状的遗传标记和基因，从而进一步提高基因组选择的准确性。     

Relationship of Icelandic cattle with Northern and Western European cattle breeds,admixture and population structure

ABSTRACT

Icelandic cattle is believed to have been brought from Norway during the settlement of Iceland around AD 870-930. Previous research on genetic relationships has indicated that Icelandic cattle is most related to northern Nordic indigenous breeds. Using single nucleotide polymorphism genotype data from Icelandic cattle and 29 Northern and Western European cattle breeds, we studied relationships and admixture among these breeds, and assessed population structure in Icelandic cattle. Population structure analysis through principal component analysis, estimation of ancestry, and analysis of patterns of population splitting and mixing revealed that Icelandic cattle are most related to three Finncattle breeds (Eastern, Northern and Western Finncattle), and Swedish Mountain cattle. Icelandic cattle has very low levels of admixture. We observed very limited population structure in Icelandic cattle. The observed structure was due to variable sire contributions. Over 1000 years of almost complete isolation has made Icelandic cattle highly genetically distinct from other cattle breeds.     

Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas in reducing Escherichia coli and Salmonella from broiler house environments

Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. are considered to be the major pathogens associated with human transmissible infectious diseases in the air of poultry houses. Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) is an effective biocide against a wide range of microorganisms. Accordingly, this study investigated the efficiency of gaseous ClO₂ application for disinfecting broiler houses by collecting air samples before and after fumigation using a passive method. Fumigation was performed with 125 mL or 250 mL of ClO₂ liquid (containing 2,000 ppm of ClO₂) and 3 trials were conducted for each dose. A total of 27 petri dishes were used for each trial (for each type of bacteria: E. coli or Salmonella) and placed in 3 different locations (front, middle and back) and 3 different positions (top, middle and floor) of the broiler shed. Air samples were collected at 10 min, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 12 h before and after fumigation to evaluate the air quality in terms of the concentration of E. coli and Salmonella. Both levels of ClO₂ were capable of reducing the concentration of E. coli from broiler house air during all measuring periods except 10 min, with highest disinfection rate being observed at 6 h. With the exception of 1 h, the concentration of Salmonella was also reduced after fumigation with ClO₂ in all measuring period; with the highest disinfection rate occurring at 6 h. Fumigation with ClO₂ had no negative effect on birds’ health condition. Taken together, these results suggest that the application of gaseous ClO₂ at the investigated levels can be an effective option for reducing bacterial load from broiler house environments.     

生物技术在农业领域的应用

生物技术包括基因工程、细胞工程、酶工程等,在农业领域有着广阔发展前景.生物技术可保障粮食安全,促进农村农业经济的发展,提高农业产出效益,同时能为医药工业及其它产业提到原料.农业生物技术是新兴的现代技术,还不能在传统农业中大规模推广应用.     

构树的营养价值及其在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

构树含有丰富的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸等多种营养物质,有抗氧化、抗菌消炎的功能。构树在畜禽养殖中的应用有助于解决我国的"人畜争粮"问题,有望成为一种具有广泛应用前景的蛋白质饲料。文章综述构树的营养成分、生物发酵技术以及在猪、家禽、反刍动物养殖中的应用研究进展。     

甘肃省天祝县草原补奖政策实施效果

草原作为重要的生态资产与生产资源,在我国生态文明建设和社会经济发展中具有重要的战略地位。党的十八大以来,我国将生态文明建设纳入“五位一体”总体布局之中,在草原牧区实施草原生态补奖政策,对草地生态保护、修复和助力牧区精准脱贫具有重要意义。本研究以甘肃省天祝藏族自治县为例,通过历年统计数据和查阅年鉴等方式获得相关资料,对两轮补奖政策实施效果进行梳理,从补奖政策资金、草地生产力及载畜量、生态效益、经济效益和社会效益等方面分析了政策实施前后变化情况。结果表明：1)两轮补奖政策实施后,天祝县草原生态环境逐步恢复,草地生产力达到2 162.28 kg·hm–2,相比补奖政策实施前提高了45.4%;2)畜牧业生产方式不断转变,理论载畜量增长了42.98万个羊单位,相比补奖政策实施前提高了54.3%;3)农牧民人均收入从补奖政策实施前的4 012元增加到8 265元。遵从“绿水青山就是金山银山”的生态发展理念,为进一步加强草地生态恢复,建议：1)在平衡禁牧下农户收入水平和生态补偿资金投入的基础上确定草原补奖补偿标准;2)加快培育现代农业产业,加大产业扶持力度,积极发展特色农牧业;3)建立健全放牧禁牧制度,科学制定草原合理利用计划。     

宁夏回族自治区养殖粪污资源化利用现状调查与分析

畜禽粪污资源化利用,是农村生态环境保护工作的重点和难点,对于改善农村生态环境质量、提高农业绿色发展水平、促进农产品增产提质具有重要意义。本文为进一步了解宁夏回族自治区（简称“宁夏”）畜禽粪污资源化利用现状,在宁夏银川市、石嘴山市、吴忠市、中卫市、固原市5 市,对四大产业主导区畜禽养殖产业基本情况、全区及各市不同类型和规模的畜禽养殖粪污资源化利用现状及问题、不同养殖类型和规模的资源化主推技术及典型案例等情况进行了实地调研。结果表明：2020年,宁夏畜禽存栏总量2 046.0 万头（只）,其中,奶牛57.4 万头、肉牛120.7 万头、羊596.1 万只、生猪90.0 万头、家禽1 181.8 万只。畜禽粪污产生量3 025.3 万吨,全区粪污资源化利用总量为2 961.6 万吨,综合利用率达到97.9%,规模养殖场设施配套率达99.0%,该地区畜禽粪污综合利用主要途径有肥料化利用、能源化利用、清洁再生回用等。     

拷贝数变异在畜禽中的研究进展

拷贝数变异（copy number variation,CNV）具有多种形式的变异结构,在品种多样性、生物进化和疾病相关性等研究中起着重要作用,并具有片段长度大、覆盖范围广等特点。随着分子生物学的发展及DNA测序技术的日渐成熟,人们对遗传变异的研究不断向DNA分子水平深入,多态性标记在畜禽育种中已逐渐成为动物育种研究的趋势和主流。由于CNV对基因的调控和表达所造成的影响更为显著,因此,CNV在重要畜禽中的研究越来越多。目前,已检测出大量有关畜禽重要经济性状的基因序列变异,并有许多研究均表明CNV与动物的重要经济特征及疾病的发生有关。笔者主要通过参考国内外相关的研究报道,简述了CNV的相关研究背景、概念、突变机制,归纳总结了CNV对牛、羊、猪、鸡的经济性状、繁殖性状和疾病调控的影响,以期通过对这些重要畜禽的基因组学研究揭示其适应性遗传机理和表型性状差异的遗传基础,开发相应的分子遗传标记,为畜禽的标记辅助选育提供理论基础。     

种草养畜与草场建设综合配套技术

畜牧业快速发展,对于牧草资源需求量越来越大,为更好地满足畜牧业发展需求,我国提出“种草养畜”技术理念,加快草场建设,能在保障畜牧养殖业稳定发展的同时,达到良好的生态环保效益。该文分析种草养畜技术理念的意义,着重探讨种草养畜和草场建设综合配套技术。     

广西畜禽现代生态养殖场认证存在问题及对策

为深化生态文明建设成效,推动生态养殖业的整体发展,广西自2016年开始实施畜禽现代生态养殖场认证工作,要求2020年全区90%规模养殖场都需要与现代生态养殖标准所符合。目前广西畜禽现代生态养殖场认证工作成效显著,在较大程度上推动现代生态养殖业的整体发展。但依然有一些问题存在于畜禽现代生态养殖场认证工作中,相关部门及人员需加强重视,及时探索针对性的对策。