高效脂肪酶产生真菌的筛选、鉴定及产酶条件优化

研究旨在筛选高产脂肪酶活性的菌株,并鉴定其菌属及确定其最佳产酶条件。采集富含油脂的土壤,通过溴甲酚紫平板法进行菌株分离筛选,并采用橄榄油乳化法测定脂肪酶活力。利用真菌ITS序列通用引物进行PCR扩增,将测序结果Blast比对,并建系统发育树。采用正交试验设计优化产酶条件。通过筛选得到1株产脂肪酶的真菌菌株GW-1,经鉴定为黑曲霉Aspergillus niger。经单因素试验和正交试验得到该菌的最佳产酶条件为:葡萄糖0.5%、黄豆粉2.0%、橄榄油1.0%、MgSO4.7H2O 0.1%、pH值9.0、接种量8%、装液量50 ml/250 ml、发酵4 d。在此发酵条件下,其产酶活力可达39.82 U/(ml.min)。试验结果显示,访菌株在产脂肪酶能力上具有显著优越性,且菌株GW-1产酶活力较优化前高出19.96 U/(ml.min),提高了100.50%。     

大孔树脂吸附-交联法固定脂肪酶

【目的】为基于大孔树脂吸附结合环氧交联剂交联法固定脂肪酶等工业用酶奠定基础。【方法】使用大孔树脂吸附,而后环氧交联剂交联的方法进行脂肪酶的固定化,研究各因素对吸附–交联固定化的影响,并采用响应面法对固定化条件进行优化,制备固定化酶并考察其稳定性。【结果】筛选出大孔树脂HPD750为载体,聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚为交联剂。最佳固定化条件为:吸附温度45℃,给酶量60 mg·g–1,交联温度30℃,交联时间12.5 h,pH6.36,交联剂体积分数为0.7%。由上述条件制备所得的固定化酶活力为565.31 U·g–1,酶活力回收率为32.16%。与游离酶相比,固定化酶的热稳定性和酸碱稳定性均有明显提升;连续操作10次,固定化酶活力仍保留34.86%,操作稳定性较好;4℃条件下储存30 d,固定化酶活力仍保留64.81%。【结论】大孔树脂HPD750为载体,聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚为交联剂制备的固定化脂肪酶热稳定性、酸碱稳定性均得到显著提升,且具有良好的操作及储存稳定性。     

混菌发酵绿茶产脂肪酶及其对酯型儿茶素的水解作用分析

微生物的发酵作用导致黑茶加工过程中儿茶素的生物转化和总茶多酚含量的下降,这一转化过程的代谢途径和调控机制尚不清楚。通过添加冠突曲霉(Aspergillus cristatum)菌株PE-1和黑曲霉(A. niger)菌株PE-4混合发酵绿茶,采用鉴别培养基平板检测、酶活性测定和酶蛋白分离纯化,研究脂肪酶活性及其对酯型儿茶素的水解作用。两个菌株单菌发酵和混合菌种发酵绿茶条件下均可以检测到脂肪酶活性,混菌发酵酶活力高于两个菌株单菌发酵的酶活力。混菌发酵条件下获得一个分子量约为37 kDa的脂肪酶,对EGCG和ECG有不同的生物转化作用。UPLC检测结果表明,该脂肪酶对EGCG有较好的底物选择性,EGCG的水解率为94.46%,EGC的产率为63.33%;ECG的水解率为15.45%,EC的产率为4.15%。脂肪酶对EGCG和ECG的生物转化将为儿茶素代谢途径的研究和单体儿茶素的生产起到促进作用。     

饥饿和重摄食对鲤鱼脂蛋白脂肪酶活性的影响

采用对硝基苯酚法测定正常摄食、饥饿(14 d)和重摄食(3 d)状态下鲤鱼不同组织和器官中脂肪酶及脂蛋白脂肪酶(lipoproteinlipase,LPL)的活性。结果显示:与正常摄食相比,饥饿鲤鱼肌肉、脂肪和心脏中脂肪酶比活力显著下降(P0.05),但脂肪和心脏中LPL比活力显著升高(P0.05);除脂肪中LPL外,重摄食3d的鲤鱼各组织和器官中脂肪酶和LPL比活力比正常摄食和饥饿鲤鱼均显著升高(P0.05),有明显的补偿作用。     

家兔HSL基因多态性及其与生产性状关联性分析

本实验采用PCR-SSCP方法对齐卡巨型白兔和齐兴肉兔HSL基因外显子1的遗传多态性进行研究,并进一步分析HSL基因对生产性状的遗传效应。结果表明:HSL基因外显子1第784位处发生了碱基突变(A→C),共出现AA、AB和BB 3种基因型,在2个品种兔群体中AA型均为优势基因型,A均为优势等位基因;卡方适合性检验表明,2个品种兔群体均显著偏离哈代-温伯格平衡(P0.05);在齐卡巨型白兔中,HSL基因AA型和AB型个体的宰前活体重均显著高于BB型个体(P0.05),AA、BB型个体的全净膛屠宰率和半净膛屠宰率均显著低于AB型个体(P0.05);在齐兴肉兔中,HSL基因AA型个体的宰前活体重显著高于AB、BB型个体(P0.05),BB型个体的全净膛屠宰率和半净膛屠宰率均显著低于AA、AB型个体(P0.05);在2个品种兔群体中,不同基因型个体的滴水损失和剪切力差异均不显著(P0.05)。     

Effect of dietary fish meal and fish oil replacement on lipogenic and lipoprotein lipase activities and plasma insulin in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

The effects of a double replacement of fish oil (FO) and fish meal (FM) by dietary vegetable ingredients in juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L. 1758) on some indices of lipid metabolism and plasma insulin levels were analysed. Four experimental diets with a replacement of 75% of FM by plant proteins (PP) were administered. Added oil was either FO (75PP/FO diet), or a vegetable oil mix (VO), replacing 33%, 66% or 100% of FO (75PP/33VO, 75PP/66VO, 75PP/100VO diets). Another diet with 50% of substitution of FM by PP and with 100% of VO was also tested (50PP/100VO diet). Final body weight was similar in all diet groups, except for the 75PP/100VO group, which presented lower values. Circulating insulin levels increased with feed administration in all groups and no differences between diets were observed, with the exception of the 75PP/FO group, which presented higher plasma insulin values. In adipose tissue, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme activities decreased with the inclusion of vegetable oil, especially 5 h after feeding. Diet had no significant effect on the hepatic activity of either enzyme. Lipoprotein lipase activity decreased in white muscle and adipose tissue with the replacement of fish oil in 75PP diets, 5 h after feeding. In conclusion, the use of a combined replacement of fish oil and fish meal by vegetable ingredients in gilthead sea bream permits satisfactory growth, with moderate changes in tissue lipogenesis and lipid uptake.     

Effect of water temperature on the growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Günther)

The present study was carried out to investigate the influence of water temperature on the growth performance and digestive enzyme (pepsin, trypsin and lipase) activities of Chinese longsnout catfish. Triplicate groups of Chinese longsnout catfish (35.6±0.48 g, mean±SE) were reared at different water temperatures (20, 24, 28 and 32 °C). The feeding rate (FR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were significantly affected by water temperatures and regression relationships between water temperature and FI, SGR as well as FER were expressed as FR=−0.016 T ²+0.91 T −10.88 ( n =12, R ²=0.8752), SGR=−0.026 T ²+1.39 T −17.29 ( n =12, R ²=0.7599) and FER=−0.013 T ²+0.70 T −8.43 ( n =12, R ²=0.7272). Based on these, the optimum temperatures for FR, SGR and FER were 27.66, 26.69 and 26.44 °C respectively. The specific activities of digestive enzymes at 24 or 28 °C were significantly higher than that at 20 or 32 °C. In addition, there was a significant linear regression between FR or SGR and specific activities of pepsin and lipase, which indicated that pepsin and lipase played important roles in regulating growth through nutrient digestion in Chinese longsnout catfish.