农业灌溉节水潜力及回归水利用研究进展

目前,对农业灌溉节水潜力尚未形成一个统一、公认的概念,相应的评价和计算体系也没有很好地建立起来.对农业灌溉节水潜力方面的研究成果进行了全面的回顾总结,提出了存在的问题和以后研究的重点.指出不同尺度回归水重复利用的量化是合理计算真实节水潜力的关键.最后,对回归水重复利用研究计算方法进行了归纳总结,提出了考虑回归水重复利用率的灌溉节水潜力评价思路.     

A bio-economic indicators suite for the appraisal of the demersal trawl fishery in the Southern Adriatic Sea (Central Mediterranean)

The state of demersal fishery in the Southern Adriatic Sea (GFCM-GSA 18, Central Mediterranean), years 1996–2003, from a biological, social and economic point of view was analysed using 47 indicators: 22 biological indicators obtained from fishery-independent data through yearly experimental bottom trawl surveys (“Medits” Programme), and 25 socio-economic indicators estimated from fishery-dependent data, available from the monitoring system of the Italian Institute for Economic Research on Fisheries and Aquaculture (IREPA). Biological indicators were applied for “single-species” (Eledone cirrhosa, E. moschata, Illex coindetti, Merluccius merluccius, Mullus barbatus, Nephrops norvegicus, Parapenaeus longirostris, Raja clavata, Zeus faber) and for “multi-species” analysis. Economic indicators describing economic performance, productivity, costs and prices, and the overall economic sustainability of fishery were estimated. Social indicators and a general indicator summarising social sustainability were also considered. Indicators’ values were displayed using the Traffic Light system. Both fishery-independent and fishery-dependent indicators highlighted a progressive decline of the trawl fishery system in the GSA 18. This decline was mainly related to the ongoing depletion of the traditional fishery target species (mostly long-living, late-maturing species) partially replaced by the increase of traditional accessory species (generally short-living species), as well as to the reduction of productivity and increasing costs. The whole procedure was proposed as a contribution to the identification and applicability of bio-economic indicators for fishery management purposes.     

Antipredator behaviour of naïve Arctic charr young in the presence of predator odours and conspecific alarm cues

Abstract –  We investigated how Arctic charr young respond behaviourally to olfactory cues from skin-damaged conspecifics, charr-fed pikeperch, and the combination of food-deprived pikeperch and skin-damaged conspecific cues in a two-channel Y-maze fluviarium test arena. Significant antipredator responses were found to skin-damaged conspecifics in three behavioural traits, to charr-fed pikeperch in two traits and to the combination of pikeperch and skin-damaged conspecific cues in all six behaviours investigated. The combination of predator and conspecific cues significantly increased spatial avoidance and cautiousness to approach the source of scent compared with odours from charr-fed predators. The results suggest that damage-released alarm cues exist in charr, and they strengthen the antipredator responses in conspecifics. As the charr used different behaviours and levels of response in the presence of different cues, they seem to have sophisticated skills to distinguish between different odour combinations and be able to adjust their behaviour according to the current predation risk level.     

Inter-river, -annual and -seasonal variability in fecundity of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in rivers in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

Abstract  Fecundity is an integral component of the calculation of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., egg depositions in rivers. Fecundity determinations can be time consuming and prohibitively expensive in terms of application on a broad scale. Consequently, where river specific and annual data are not available, default means are used in calculations in Newfoundland and Labrador. It is important therefore to know the extent of variability among rivers, years and seasons and the potential error involved in using default values. Annual fecundity data were available for one river in Labrador and nine rivers in Newfoundland. Fecundity was determined from ovaries collected in the recreational fishery in the summer for all 10 rivers. For three of these rivers, fecundity determined from summer sampling was compared with that obtained from sampling at time of spawning in autumn. There was significant variability in fecundity with length as a covariate among rivers, years and seasons. Mean number of eggs per female decreased between 8.3% and 29.0% from summer to autumn while mean number of eggs per cm decreased from 5.0% to 28.5%. Depending on the measure of relative fecundity used (no. of eggs kg⁻¹ or no. of eggs cm⁻¹), results of simulations showed that estimates of egg deposition incorporating defaults can deviate from those obtained by applying year-specific and river-specific values by 50–75%, without adjusting for the seasonal reduction in fecundity, and by 30–50% with an adjustment. A sensitivity analysis revealed that of three parameters used in the calculation of egg deposition (size, percent female and fecundity), fecundity was the most influential.     

基于径向基网络的含缺陷管道安全系数修正

安全系数是管道完整性评价方法的重要参数之一,传统评价方法仅考虑了管道所处地区等级对其影响,未能全面评价管道的真实安全状态。提取管道相关风险因素,比较各因素间相对重要程度并建立表征不同风险状态的分值体系,根据所得风险分值对安全系数进行修正,使得修正后的安全系数能够反映含缺陷管段实际风险状态;结合径向基网络方法的自学习特点,将各风险因素作为输入,修正后的安全系数作为输出,建立基于径向基网络的管道安全系数计算模型。由模型训练得出的修正安全系数与测试样本吻合度较好,验证了模型的准确性。结果表明:修正安全系数在考虑地区等级的基础上同时引入了其他重要风险因素的影响,为管道完整性评价中的安全系数取值提供了新的思路。     

豇豆不同生长时期施用毒死蜱的膳食风险

近年来,禁用农药毒死蜱在豇豆中被高频检出,已成为豇豆中农残超标率居高不下的关键问题之一。为明确毒死蜱在豇豆播种期、苗期、结荚期使用后的残留及其膳食风险,进行了田间模拟残留试验,将采集的成熟豇豆通过乙腈提取,C18分散净化,经超高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法测定豇豆中毒死蜱残留量,并进行了膳食风险评估。试验结果表明,毒死蜱在豇豆中的方法定量限为0.01 mg·kg^-1,在0.01~5 mg·kg^-1添加水平下,毒死蜱的平均回收率为76.3%~88.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.7%~6.4%;播种期、苗期、结荚期一次施药和结荚期二次施药后,成熟期采收的豇豆样品中均无毒死蜱检出;结荚盛期一次施药后,残留消解曲线为Ct=1 726.6e^-0.431t(R²=0.981 5),符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为1.6 d;施药后10 d,豇豆中毒死蜱残留量降至0.05 mg·kg^-1以下,慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险均小于100%;毒死蜱在播种期和苗期的使用,不会导致成熟期豇豆中残留超标,可以安全使用;始花期后的使用需控制10 d以上的采收间隔期;结荚盛期须禁止使用毒死蜱。综上表明,在尚未制定毒死蜱在豇豆生产中精准施用规范的背景下,我国禁止毒死蜱在豇豆生产中的使用是十分必要的。     

西北干旱半干旱区小麦对气候变化响应的评价指标体系*

近年来,在全球变暖的大背景下,西北也经历着同样的变暖趋势,尤其是在西北干旱区新疆、甘肃河西走廊等地的棉花种植区,气候变暖对小麦生长发育的影响研究日益增多,但如何正确、合理的评价小麦对气候变暖的响应,已成为目前十分突出的科学和实际问题。在评价的过程中,评价指标的选择和确定是重中之重。鉴于此,本文筛选了几类重要的评价指标,主要有小麦生长发育、种植结构、 地理分布、农业气象灾害、农业病虫害气象指标等,这些指标的选择为科学评价小麦对气候变化的响应奠定了一定的基础。     

Probabilistic risk assessment of agrochemicals in the environment

Concern for the environment has resulted in greater scrutiny of both old and new plant protection products and increased efforts have been directed to developing more rigorous but more realistic procedures for the ecotoxicological risk characterization of these agrochemicals. These techniques include probabilistic analysis of toxicity and exposure data and better understanding of the relationship between structure and function in populations of wildlife and the role of keystone species in maintaining ecosystem functioning. The ecological risk assessment method described here is centered on the use of probabilistic distribution functions that independently describe exposure concentrations and toxicological responses of organisms to the chemical of concern. The distributions are transformed to permit calculation of linear regression parameters. The regression parameters for the two distributions are then used to determine joint probabilities which interrelate the exposure and toxicology data. For ease of presentation the results are presented as an exceedence plot which depicts, based on the exposure data the percent of species likely to be affected and the percent of observations likely to cause this level of effect. In this paper, the use of the method is illustrated using data for chlorpyrifos in North American aquatic environments. These probabilistic risk assessment methods are being assessed for incorporation into assessment procedures in a number of regulatory jurisdictions.     

基于模糊数学理论的陵水黎族自治县耕地地力评价

对区域耕地质量进行评价,是农业发展所必须的基础性工作,对区域种植业合理布局及耕地土壤可持续利用具有重要意义。本研究在构建包含立地条件、土壤理化性状和土壤养分状况在内的3个子目标、10个指标的耕地地力评价指标体系基础上,采用模糊数学理论确定指标隶属度,结合层次分析法进行加权求和,对陵水黎族自治县各乡镇进行耕地地力综合评价。研究表明,陵水县耕地地力为中等水平,且各乡镇耕地地力分布不均,其中以椰林镇和英州镇最高,黎安镇和群英乡最低;降雨特征和地形因素是耕地地力在研究区内空间分布不均的主要成因。     

海南开展农药环境风险评估的必要性及优势

综述了海南省开展农药风险评估的必要性及优势,必要性包括：海岛本身的脆弱性;海南岛土壤类型复杂;农药对海南环境污染严重;农药对海南水产品、养蜂业影响严重。优势：海南丰富的野生动物资源。