Variation within improved cultivars and landraces of lucerne in Central Italy

Summary A variety must be distinguishable, uniform, stable and of sufficient productivity to be officially registered. In Italy landraces of lucerne are still widely used because they are characterized by a good persistence and productivity in their area of origin and adaptation.The landrace from Casalina (20 km south of Perugia, Central Italy) has higher dry matter production than many other commercial cultivars. The objective of this paper was to measure the variation of the landrace Casalina and compare it with that of the commonest cultivars available on the market and with some lines selected from the landrace Casalina.The experiment consisted of 11 entries: Casalina, two selections from Casalina (one for high seed yield and one for frequent cuttings), the registered landrace Italia Centrale and 7 registered cultivars. Each entry was represented by 80 genotypes transplanted in the field 60×40 cm apart in a randomized block design with 4 replications. In 1991 the following characters were recorded on a single plant basis: time of first flowering, height, number of shoots and dry matter yield at the first harvest, time of second flowering, leafiness, height, number of shoots and dry matter yield at the second harvest, height, number of shoots and dry matter yield at the third and fourth harvest. Height, number of shoots and dry matter yield at the first harvest, dry matter at the second and third harvest were recorded during the 1992 season.Casalina was as variable as the other entries in 77% of the comparisons; it was more variable in 8% of the comparisons and less variable in 15% of the comparisons. In conclusion, the variation of landrace Casalina is equal to or less than that of registered varieties so that it could be directly registered at the National Registry of Varieties.     

江苏农业立法的回顾与展望

地方农业立法在贯彻国家农业发展战略,提高农业法律的适应性、可操作性,以及为国家层面的农业立法提供探索经验等方面均发挥着不可替代的作用。通过对江苏农业立法的历史分析和比较研究,探讨江苏农业立法的客观条件及其发展方向。结果表明,江苏农业立法成绩显著,初步建立了较为完整的规范体系,立法内容也随着社会发展不断调整,保持了与国家法律的协调和统一。但另一方面,江苏农业立法也存在着立法观念缺乏创新、立法思路与社会实际脱节、立法领域比较狭窄等方面的不足。在农业现代化背景下,江苏农业立法应充分考虑到与国家法律框架的协调性、江苏农业的客观条件,以及本省农业现代化模式和路径选择等因素的影响。在具体立法过程中,应当在立法理念上加大创新力度,在立法内容上充分体现地方特色,在立法体系的构建上应兼顾统一性和针对性,注重运用多方面法律杠杆推动农业现代化的发展,并在立法方向上突出重点,集中解决农业现代化过程中难点问题。     

Prioritizing marine invasive alien species in the European Union through horizon scanning

1. The disproportionately low presence of marine species in the list of invasive alien species (IAS) of Union concern of the European Union (EU) Regulation 1143/2014 does not fully acknowledge the threat they pose to the EU marine environment.
2. In this study, the first EU‐scale Horizon Scanning (HS) focusing on marine alien species was performed, aiming to deliver a ranked list of species that should be of high priority for risk assessment (Article 5 of the EU IAS Regulation).
3. Species absent from or with a limited distribution in EU marine waters were targeted. In total, 363 alien species were initially screened for HS by a panel of experts, including a broad range of taxonomic groups. Species were scored for their likelihood of arrival, establishment, spread, and impact in EU waters.
4. A consensus workshop ranked 267 species, including a subset of 26 prioritized species. These species are considered to be mainly introduced by shipping (fouling and ballast water), via the Suez Canal, and aquaculture activities. The 26 priority species were also scrutinized in terms of feasibility of their management; 18 of them were suggested for performing risk assessments on the basis of the EU IAS Regulation.
5. Since biological invasions are dynamic and connected with accelerated globalization and diversified human activities, we recommend HS to be repeated periodically to review the species already listed and assess new ones.

     

Catch and trade bans for seahorses can be negated by non-selective fisheries

1. All seahorse species (genus Hippocampus) are listed under Schedule I of India's Wild Life Protection Act, making all capture and trade of seahorses illegal. In the more than 15 years since the ban, little work has been done to assess its effects on seahorse conservation.
2. Between 2015 and 2017, fisheries and trade surveys were conducted along the south-east coast of India, in the state of Tamil Nadu, historically known to be a hub for seahorse catches and trade.
3. Seahorses were primarily landed as bycatch, although in greater quantities by traditional drag nets than as trawl bycatch. Total annual catches were estimated between 4.98 million and 13.64 million seahorses, 87% of which were caught by active non-selective gear.
4. Generalized additive models revealed that seahorse catch per unit effort had non-linear relations with depth and latitude, and were higher in biogenic habitats, with active, bottom-used, and non-selective gears (e.g. trawls).
5. The illegal nature of the trade in seahorses hampered an understanding of trade routes and trade volumes. Catch estimates indicated that 11.21–30.31 tonnes of seahorses probably entered trade, yet interviews with traders only documented trade of about 1.6 tonnes.
6. Fishers reported a decreasing availability of seahorses. Since most seahorses come from bycatch in persistent fisheries that are not directly affected by the ban on seahorse capture, this decline is likely to represent a population decline.
7. A fishery and trade ban for incidentally caught species, particularly in a poorly regulated fishery, appears to add little conservation value. There needs to be a shift in the management approach, moving from a ban towards spatial and temporal restrictions, and toward enforcing existing fishery regulations.

     

对《侵权责任法》第87条的认识及救济

《侵权责任法》已于2010年7月1日正式施行。其中,第87条关于不明抛掷物、坠落物损害的责任规定,为建筑物中抛掷物责任承担提供了法律依据。但在加害人不明的情况下,由"可能加害的建筑物使用人"对受害人给予补偿这一规定却在社会上引起了很大争议,反对者认为其违反了公平原则。问题的关键是怎样给受害人以最好的救济。     

我国环境法立法的完善建议

由于我国环境法主要是"舶来品",环境法在立法总体上还相对滞后,是以环境污染防治法为核心的传统型环境法立法为主,而运用传统环境法手段保护环境已显示出极大的局限性,为此,必须从一些新的理论出发,转变立法思想观念,逐步完善我国的环境立法。     

加强高新技术区立法初探

本文通过借鉴发达国家高新技术区立法的成功经验，说明了加入WTO后我国加强高新技术区立法的重要性、紧迫性和现实性。对于我国正在建设发展的高新技术区有着理论和 实践的借鉴意义。     

加强农村基层民主法制建设的探讨

农村基层民主法制是社会主义民主法制的重要组成部分,随着我国构建社会主义和谐社会宏伟蓝图的绘就,作为构建和谐社会重要目标和任务之一的农村基层民主法制必将越来越受到人们的关注,为了更好推动新农村建设,推动和谐社会建设的进程,笔者拟从农村基层民主法制存在的问题和如何进一步加强两个方面进行探讨。     

关于建立国家动物防疫体系的建议

最近的30年中，人类经历了多次传染性动物源疾病，这些疾病严重威胁着人类的健康和生存。实践证实应尽速建立国家动物防疫体系，并提出这个体系的职能、立法探索和建立应急防疫体制。     

Regulating fish movements in the Single European Market: the scope for more restrictive measures under national law

Abstract  Substantial alterations to the legal controls over fish movements have been necessary to implement the Single European Market which came into force on 1 January 1993. This seeks to liberalize trade in fish and fish products whilst avoiding ecological damage, the spread of disease and the commercial damage this may cause. The new regime governing fish movements into and within the European Union under Directive 91/67/EEC, as implemented in England and Wales, is described. Remaining national provisions based on ecological concerns (principally, section 30 of the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act 1975) are examined. Derogations from the principle of freedom of trade within the European Union on environmental protection grounds are assessed, and the interaction between legal restrictions based on pathological and ecological grounds is discussed.