公司相互持股问题研究

鉴于我国公司法对公司相互持股问题的规制处于空白之现状，文章借鉴国际上最新立法成果，分析了公司相互持股所引发的诸多问题，并提出规制公司相互持股问题的建议与构想。     

我国湿地保护法制建设的简要回顾与展望

回顾了我国湿地保护立法的2个阶段,总结了我国湿地保护法制建设的主要成就,分析了存在的主要问题。对出台一部国家级的湿地保护综合性立法、加大湿地保护综合协调和组织机构建设进行了展望。     

论渔业法规的内涵和立法原则

本文阐述了渔业法规的概念和范围,试图归纳各国渔业立法的共同性的基本目的。作者论述了渔业法规的特点,并指出渔业立法活动应遵循的原则和应注意的问题。     

中美森林法比较及其对我国森林法修改的启示

通过比较中美森林法的历史和现状,指出森林法修改和完善的紧迫性且时机已经成熟,以及森林法修改要重视理论研究和实际情况调查。我国森林法修改和完善可以借鉴美国森林法中的森林生态系统管理等先进理念。对美国《国有林管理法》与《中华人民共和国森林法》的结构与体例、立法精神、科学的地位、公众参与等内容进行了比较研究,据此给出一些《中华人民共和国森林法》的修改建议。     

我国林业碳汇担保制度的完善

林业碳汇在国际上的发展已经逐渐完善,我国各地实践也取得了初步成效。林业碳汇担保作 为其中的新型项目,虽然法律保障尚不完全,但现实中已经在摸索实践。由此,联系我国林业碳汇 担保发展的现状与现实需求,在参考国外发展的情况下,对林业碳汇担保面临的权利未定性、法律 体系不健全、风险与成本制度不完善等问题进行分析,提出完善相关法律体系,明确权利属性,同时 在法律范围内注意风险规避与成本保护,完善林业碳汇担保在碳汇经济中的地位等建议,以推动低 碳减排,促进绿色发展。     

Comparison of Soil Clean-up Standards for Trace Elements Between Countries: Why do they differ? (9 pages)

Goal, Scope and Background

In the nineteen nineties most European countries issued legislation on soil protection, including soil contamination. In the case of a presumed contamination, soil investigation mostly follows a stepwise approach starting with a preliminary investigation, then an in-depth investigation and, finally, remediation. Soil clean-up standards are often foreseen as trigger criteria to determine the need for an in-depth soil investigation or for remediation. There are however large differences in soil clean-up standards. This is partly because of the different roles of soil clean-up standards in each legislative framework and partly because of differences in the soil clean-up standard (SCS) derivation procedures. Despites these differences there are large similarities in the concepts of the derivation procedures for clean-up standards. A better understanding of the differences in clean-up standards is needed. In order to clarify the variation, the background of the clean-up standards for a selected number of countries was investigated. The objective of this paper is to investigate the underlying reason why country-wide generic soil and groundwater clean-up standards of eight trace elements (cadmium, chromium (III), copper, mercury, lead, nickel, zinc and arsenic) differ between the selected countries.

Main Features

To avoid misinterpretation of the differences in application of the clean-up standards, a short overview of the legislative role of clean-up standards is given first. Differences in model concepts and parameter values are discussed, followed by a comparison of the generic soil and groundwater clean-up standards for trace elements and a discussion on the sources of variation. The influence of the use of ecotoxicological criteria and data for the derivation of soil clean-up standards will be discussed in more detail. Selected countries were Canada, the Flemish Region (Belgium), France, Germany, Great-Britain, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and United States of America (USA).

Results and Discussion

When soil clean-up standards for eight trace elements (cadmium, chromium (III), copper, mercury, lead, nickel, zinc and arsenic) were compared between the selected countries differences of more than a factor 1000 arose. Notwithstanding the use of similar derivation procedures, differences were caused by the use of different software models with their specific input data, boundary conditions and applied protection criteria for humans and the ecology. Ecotoxicological criteria tend to lower the soil clean-up standard for the selected trace elements.

Conclusions

In the countries that are included in this study, clean-up standards are used is different ways, this is for the determination of the necessity for remediation or for the need for further soil investigation. This paper shows a wide variation in the clean-up standards, which has further implication on the decision for remediation or further investigation and, hence, the financial costs of soil management. All the clean-up standards have as primary goal the protection of human health. A number of countries also include the protection of the ecological function of the soil. Differences in selected software model, (standard) parameters values, selected human toxicological and ecotoxicological criteria, are reason for a substantial variation in the clean-up standards for trace elements.

Recommendations and Perspective

. Is this variation justified? The derivation of soil clean-up standards involves - besides scientific elements - political elements, like differentiation in landuse types (agricultural, residential, recreational, industrial), receptor at risk or protection level. It is obvious that harmonization of these elements will be complicated. However, a European action programme, like the thematic strategy for soil protection, could initiate this process of harmonization. Nevertheless, soil-clean-up standards could never be uniform over the whole of Europe because they include country specific elements (geographical, ethnological) and political decisions.     

西北少数民族地区教育立法初探

西北少数民族地区由于经济和社会发展的滞后,教育普遍比较落后,西部大开发,需要从教育立法的高度来促进西北少数民族地区教育的发展,从而发挥教育在少数民族地区发展中的作用。     

我国循环经济立法方向刍议

根据国外的经验,循环经济立法多从某个特定的方向开始,然后逐渐形成一个完整的体系。我国虽然制定了《循环经济促进法》这一循环经济基本法,但是不论在实践中、还是在立法上都存在很多不足和缺陷。目前循环经济是实现可持续发展的最好途径之一,建立完善的循环经济法律体系,应先确定立法方向。     

论商标反向假冒的性质——兼论我国商标反向假冒立法的完善

文中探讨了商标反向假冒行为的性质和立法完善。反向假冒行为既是商标侵权行为,也是不正当竞争行为。我国目前只是单一的用《商标法》对反向假冒行为进行规制,但这种立法模式不能有效地打击商标反向假冒行为,建议：进一步完善《商标法》和《反不正当竞争法》,以这两部法律对商标权人的权益进行基础性保护。然后,以《刑法》为后盾,打击严重的商标反向假冒犯罪行为。     

我国草原法律体系的完善

草原在我国生态安全和农牧业发展中具有举足轻重的作用,加强草原立法,完善草原法律体系,保护建设和合理利用草原是我国草原工作的重中之重。本文主要分析我国草原法律体系的内容和存在的主要问题,提出了完善措施,以期为后续草原法律体系的完善提供依据。