转基因水稻基因飘流研究十年回顾

中国是世界最大的水稻生产国和亚洲栽培稻的起源中心之一。随着中国转基因水稻研发的快速发展,需要研究水稻转基因飘流可能对环境和食品安全带来的潜在风险。基因飘流及其数据是对转基因水稻进行科学评估和监管的重要参数。为此,从2002年开始组建了研究团队,对转基因水稻的基因飘流进行了为期10年的系统研究。取得的结果主要包括：（1）阐明了水稻基因飘流的基本规律,揭示了影响水稻基因飘流的生物学和气象学主控因子。沿水稻开花期的主流风向,采用长方形田间试验设计,分别在三亚、广州和杭州3个点2-3个生长季,研究了纯合转bar基因花粉供体L201或B2 (姐妹系,抗除草剂Basta)向19个非转基因受体（包括不育系、常规稻品种、杂交稻F1和普通野生稻）在不同距离上的基因飘流率,明确了转基因向不育系的飘流率最高,向普通栽培稻品种的基因飘流率最低(相邻种植时小于1%或0.1%),向普通野生稻的基因飘流率介于不育系和常规稻之间,向不育系的最大基因飘流率比向普通野生稻和栽培稻要大1-3个数量级;基因飘流率随距离增加呈负指数曲线衰减,且存在急剧降低的“拐点”,“拐点”的距离与试验点水稻开花期的风速密切相关,广州和杭州为1-2 m,三亚约为5 m;采用圆形、以花粉供体为中心的田间试验设计,以异交结实率很高的不育系博A作受体,清晰地解析了风向与基因飘流率的数值关系,主流和次主流风向下游4个扇区的基因飘流事件累计达90%-96%,而逆风向和侧逆风向4个扇区仅为4%-10%。综上所述,水稻转基因飘流率与常规育成品种间的异交率（一般在1%以下）基本相同,在数量级上转基因并未增加新的风险。（2）建立了以气象资料为参数的水稻花粉扩散和基因飘流普适模型,计算和预测了中国南方稻区17省、市的最大基因飘流阈值距离（maximum threshold distances, MTDs）。受东南季风和地形地貌的影响,中国南方稻区MTDs的空间分布特征为：东西之间有自东向西逐渐减小的趋势,南北之间首先在南方丘陵地区逐渐减小、越过南岭后再向东南沿海地区逐渐增大。（3）利用人工构建的普通野生稻与基因（Bt或bar）飘流后代栽/野F1杂种混栽群体,经多年多代跟踪观察,分析了转基因飘流至普通野生稻后的命运,发现栽/野F1杂种在3-5年后完全消失,混栽群体中检测不到外源的Bt和bar,有理由推测普通野生稻具有自我保护的机制。（4）研究了小规模田间试验中采用花期隔离和布帐隔离措施降低水稻基因飘流率的效果;调查了海南、广东、广西普通野生稻原生境居群与相邻种植的栽培稻花期相遇情况,建立了相应的数据库;研究了基因拆分技术作为生物学限控措施从根本上限控基因飘流的效果;以本研究的结果及对国际上主要农作物基因飘流的调研数据为基础,提出了在水稻基因飘流风险评估和监管中采用分类管理和阈值管理的原则。在10年回顾和科学分析的基础上,对未来研究的重点也进行了展望。     

银杏树干边材液流及水容特性研究

为探明银杏(Ginkgo biloba)枝叶水势、水容特征及其对树干边材液流的调节和影响。利用热扩散式边材液流检测技术、压力室技术等对其树干边材液流、枝叶水势、水容等进行测定。结果表明,春、夏、秋三季银杏树干边材平均液流速率分别为（1.11±0.76）×10^-3、（0.82±0.58）×10^-3、（0.94±0.21）×10^-3 cm·s^-1,三者之间无显著差异。银杏枝条与叶片水势、水容具有相似的“V”型日变化。整个生长季,银杏枝条和叶片平均水势分别为（-1.74±0.24）MPa和（-1.80±0.20）MPa;枝条和叶片水容分别为（0.38±0.02）×10^-3 g·cm^-3·MPa^-1和（5.83±1.9）×10^-3 g·cm^-3·MPa^-1。银杏枝叶水势、水容与树干边材液流速率呈负相关,共同作用和调节其蒸腾耗水,但不同时段其主导因子不同。     

普定岩溶区水土流失与土壤漏失模式研究

普定县是贵州省水土流失比较严重的地区之一,水土流失面积占全县总面积的60.8%,土壤年侵蚀模数高达4 422.3 t/(km2·a).通过现场调查,对该地区地形特征、岩性特点和水文条件进行综合分析.结果表明,岩溶裂隙、落水洞及地下暗河发育是造成水土流失的主要因素.对岩溶区水土流失与土壤漏失模式进行了概化,探讨了水土流失过程中雨滴溅蚀、坡面侵蚀、落水洞漏失及地下暗河运移之间的关系,从理论上分析了岩溶区水土流失的作用机理,对该地区水土流失防治具有一定的指导意义.     

基于Bayes判别分析法的密云县山洪泥石流预报模型

针对密云水库上游密云县境内山洪泥石流灾害多发的特点,首次将Bayes判别分析法原理运用于自然灾害的预测预报.运用系统科学和山洪泥石流预报原理,对密云水库上游密云县境内影响山洪泥石流发生的系统内部要素和系统外部环境条件进行分析,确定用影响山洪泥石流发生的前15 d的实效雨量和当日雨量作为预报模型因子,并建立起一组山洪泥石流预报模型,经自身验证法和交互验证法对模型进行检验,其判断正确率均为82.4%,达到了Bayes判别分析要求的判别模型自身验证正确率>80%的要求,两种方法检验结果一致,模型表现稳定,表明所建立的模型可靠,可以投入使用.研究结果可为该地区的山洪泥石流预测预报提供一种较为简单易行的方法,为密云县山洪泥石流灾害防治提供一定的支撑,以减少山洪泥石流发生所导致的灾害损失.     

基于供需平衡策略的排污泵节能改造

排污泵站是污水处理系统的一个重要环节,通过水泵性能和装置特性的实际测试和能耗分析发现,该泵站双泵运行流量约为6600 m3/h,扬程17.2 m,大于污水处理工艺的需要。基于供需平衡分析对泵站中排污泵叶轮进行节能改造,并对改造后的叶轮进行测试分析,改造后双泵运行工况变为流量5400 m3/h,扬程14.5 m,满足了污水处理工艺的需要,实现了供需平衡,总的轴功率降低约15%,并在1 a内可以收回改造成本,实现了泵站的节能。     

CS02型干丝绵机的研究报告

针对普通干丝绵机台时产量低 ,锡林针滚两端被丝绵“抱轴” ,绵坯中未开松绵球较多等缺点 ,用提高锡林针滚和进料齿轮轴转速及设置手刹装置、机腔内设置导轨和毛刷等方法 ,进行了改进设计。这种新型干丝绵机的性能测试结果表明 :丝绵机锡林针滚线速度 2 3 4m/s,进料齿轮轴线速度 0 0 16 8m/s,单台生产率 7～ 7 5kg/h ,是国内同类机型台时产量的 2 2 6～ 2 34倍 ;锡林针滚在半圆形空间轨道中抓取精干绵 ,锡林针滚两端光轴微量缠绵 ;合理的芯皮等混合流导向腔体 ,使吸附在绵坯中未开松绵球≤ 10个 /m2 ;设有手刹装置 ,使大线速度的锡林针滚在2～ 3s内止动 ,提高了单位时间内的生产率。     

试析风险投资的运作流程

风险投资是以冒高风险、追求高收益为特征的一种新型投资行为,通过分析风险投资的4个运作阶段：选择投资项目、谈判进入风险企业、参与风险企业管理、退出风险企业来揭示风险投资的基本特征。     

Animal genetic resource trade flows: Economic assessment

Throughout human history, livestock producers have relied on a vibrant international exchange of genetic resources to achieve improvements in the quality and productivity of their animals. In recent years, however, some observers have argued that changes in the legal, technological, and economic environment now imply that international exchanges of animal genetic resources (AnGR) systematically benefit rich countries at the expense of poor countries. It is argued that international flows of AnGR are displacing the indigenous animal genetic resources of developing countries, and also that the genetic wealth of the developing world is being expropriated by rich countries.In reaction, there have been growing calls for limitations and/or barriers to the exchange of animal genetic resources. These discussions, however, seem to be based on limited information about the magnitude and direction of current trade flows in AnGR. This paper offers an analysis of AnGR trade flows from 1990 to 2005. The paper draws on national-level data from 150 countries that reported information to the United Nations Statistics Division. Three major trade categories were evaluated: live cattle and pigs for breeding, and cattle semen.Over the period studied, Europe and North America were the primary exporters of genetic resources for the species evaluated. OECD countries accounted for 98.7, 92.5, and 95% of cattle semen, live cattle, and swine exports in 2005, respectively. In evaluating the direction of trade between developed (North) and developing (South) countries, North–North trade had the largest magnitude, followed by North–South, South–South, and South–North. The data do not support the notion that Southern genetic resources are being used on a large scale in the North. We believe that importation from South to North is limited by the vast discrepancies in production efficiency and production systems between countries in the North and South.Given the low volume of South–North exchange, it seems doubtful that sufficient revenues could be acquired through a “benefit-sharing mechanism” to have any substantial impact on in situ or ex situ conservation efforts, or to generate benefits for poor livestock keepers in developing countries. We question whether global agreements or restrictions on trade will achieve the desired goal of conserving rare breeds and threatened genetic resources. We also doubt whether these agreements will succeed in improving the well-being of the poor. We suggest that resources instead be urgently employed for conservation and that more direct measures should be taken to aid poor farmers, ranchers, and herders in their efforts to conserve genetic resources.     

Animal genetic resource trade flows: The utilization of newly imported breeds and the gene flow of imported animals in the United States of America

Animal germplasm exchange has recently received attention as a product of the FAO's State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources effort. Some have advocated a need to explore policies and regulations on the exchange of germplasm (e.g., Hiemstra, S.J., Drucker, A., Tvedt, M., Louwaars, N., Oldenbroek, J., Awgichew, K., Kebede, S., Bhat, P., da Silva Mariante, A. 2006. Exchange, use and conservation of animal genetic resources: policies and regulatory options. Centre for Genetic Resources. Wageningen Univ., the Netherlands, pp. 1­43). However, there has been little comprehensive assessment of either the economic or genetic impact of introduced germplasm into national populations. As a result, much of the discussion of gene flows has been based on assumptions and generalizations. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the genetic impact of germplasm imported into the United States during the last 25 to 50 years. The paper considers both new breeds (Meishan pigs, Tuli cattle, and Boer goats) and new animals within existing breeds (Limousin and Jersey cattle). Of the new breeds recently imported only one had an impact on US animal agriculture. Neither the Tuli nor the Meishan has impacted the US livestock industry. It appears that these breeds were initially viewed as attractive because of single traits, but producers did not find it attractive to adopt the new breeds based on these specific traits. In the end, these breeds did not prove competitive in the US under the current set of market conditions. This result would indicate that importation of new genetic resources due to a single trait of interest is not a viable importation strategy. By contrast, the Boer goat exhibited a number of production characteristics which made it desirable to US producers and thereby allowed the breed to become well established. A second portion of the study evaluated the importation and parentage pattern of Limousin cattle as they became established in the U. S. and the gene flow of imported Jersey cattle since the 1950′s. In both cases, the study relied on pedigree analysis. Over the past fifty years, Jersey cattle have been sporadically imported from various countries, but no imported animal has had an overpowering effect on the population. It appears that by the great-grand progeny level, the genes from imported animals are diminishing rather than increasing in the population. In evaluating the predicted transmitting abilities for imported cattle relative to high and moderately ranked domestically bred cattle, there were significant differences between these groups for milk production. This would be sufficient to explain why the impact of the imported cattle diminished. The results of our analysis at both the breed and individual level underscore the speculative nature of germplasm importation — even within breeds where there is a great deal of information available about production characteristics. From this analysis, we conclude that successful importation of new breeds into the US must be based on a large number of production characteristics; importation for a single characteristic (e.g., high prolificacy) while the breed is deficient in other areas does not lead to the breed's adoption. While not fully explored in this work, it appears that initial interest and acceptance from the private sector is crucial for breed acceptance, as the Boer goat demonstrates. Within an existing breed, importation of individual animals still appears to have a relatively high degree of risk and is dependent upon the importer's ability to pick viable candidates. However, once animals are imported their progeny must effectively compete with the domestic population, or else their genetic contribution will rapidly diminish.     

泰山典型林分的林冠截留特征

 应用相关分析方法对泰山罗汉崖林场9个典型林分类型的林冠截留特征进行研究。结果表明:林内降雨量与林外降雨量呈很好的线性关系,林冠截留量与林外降雨量呈较好的对数关系;9个典型林分类型对降雨的截留能力为五角枫>麻栎+黑松>15 a麻栎>刺槐>50 a麻栎>黄连木>黄连木+刺槐>侧柏>黑松;7个典型林分类型形成树干径流的能力为15 a麻栎>50 a麻栎>黄连木>五角枫>黑松>刺槐>侧柏;各林分类型总体产生林内降雨的林外降雨量临界值为6.28 mm。