滴灌条件下暗管滤层结构对排水、排盐效果的影响

为解决滴灌农田非饱和条件下暗管排水困难的问题,设置2种暗管滤层铺设方式,以常规暗管滤层进行排水为对照,基于室内土槽试验,分析了滤层铺设方式对暗管排水排盐效果的影响及其机理。T1处理为常规暗管滤层铺设方式,暗管四周铺设细砂滤层,T2处理为暗管上部铺设细砂,T3处理为细砂斜垫层斜铺连接体积质量分界层与暗管。结果表明,T1处理受土壤水滞后效应影响显著,暗管不排水,土壤水、盐积聚于暗管底部;T2、T3处理可在暗管上部产生局部饱和区,促使暗管排水。T2处理排水时所需历时较长,排出的水盐总量较少;T3处理可使暗管最早排水,排水时暗管下部土壤积盐最少,排水流量和排水盐总量最大。     

黄海Ti鱼限额捕捞的研究

根据10多年在黄海中南部Ti鱼（Engraulis japonicus)越冬场进行的声学／拖网调查生物量评估结果，利用调谐有效种群分析方法（VPA）对黄海Ti鱼资源种群动态进行了分析。研究结果：提出了Ti鱼限额捕捞工作内容和程序框架。并根据2001年Ti鱼生物量情况推荐，F0．1为0．7时，Ti鱼总允许可捕量（TAC）不超过10万t。     

稻田土壤中氮素运移转化规律的试验研究

通过大田试验,对宁夏银南灌区稻田土壤中氮素运移进行了研究,以探讨在不同排水条件下,稻田中氮素的迁移、转化规律。研究结果表明:水稻田中氮素淋失的基本形态为NO3--N和NH4+-N,在下渗水流的驱动下,NO3--N的下移深度明显大于NH4+-N;不同排水处理中,土壤剖面NH4+-N浓度呈现随深度增加逐渐降低的趋势,NO3--N浓度在地面以下100cm内随深度增加逐渐升高,超过100cm之后逐渐降低;每次施肥后,不同处理的排水中NO3--N和NH4+-N浓度均表现为短期内迅速上升,后期逐渐下降的趋势;氮素的淋失主要发生在6月9日(拔节期)以前,在此期间,应加强水肥管理,以减少氮素淋失。     

Dicyandiamide application improved nitrogen use efficiency and decreased nitrogen losses in wheat-maize crop rotation in Loess Plateau

Inhibition of nitrification as a mitigation tool to abate nitrogen (N) losses and improve N use efficiency (NUE) is a promising technology. Nitrification inhibitor (dicyandiamide, DCD) was evaluated in two consecutive wheat-maize rotations (2015–2017), with two different N fertilizer levels applied in wheat (160, 220 kg N ha^?1) and maize (180, 280 kg N ha^?1). More NH₄⁺-N contents (101% and 102% in wheat and 74% and 73% in maize) and less NO₃^–-N contents (37% and 43% in wheat and 46% and 57% in maize) were observed at both N levels treated with DCD compared to without DCD. Higher pH, lower EC and reduced NO₃^–-N accumulation were the other benefits of DCD. The NO₃^–-N accumulation within the 0–200 cm soil profile was significantly less at both N levels with DCD (66 mg kg^?1 and 121 mg kg^?1) compared to without DCD (96 mg kg^?1 and 169 mg kg^?1). Application of DCD also improved the growth and yield in both crops. Increase in NUE from 38% to 49% in wheat and 27% to 33% in maize with DCD at higher N level was also observed. Overall, the effectiveness of DCD in retarding the nitrification process was higher in wheat than maize.     

黄淮海平原微喷灌下冬小麦农田水分渗漏及氮素淋失模拟分析

为了解黄淮海平原冬小麦水分渗漏和氮淋失特征,以优化小麦生产灌溉制度,降低农田水肥施用后土壤氮淋失对环境的影响,本试验于2020—2022年在设置不同灌水处理(充分灌溉、亏缺灌溉)和雨养处理的大田试验基础上,利用土壤-作物系统水热碳氮耦合(WHCNS)模型,通过优化土壤水力学和作物参数,评价模型适用性,并使用校验后的模型定量化分析不同水分管理条件下的农田氮淋失、水分渗漏及特征。结果表明：土壤含水率和硝态氮(以N计)的均方根误差范围分别为0.01～0.07 cm³·cm^-3和3.37～6.39 mg·kg^-1;叶面积指数和干物质量模拟R²≥0.9,一致性指数均≥0.7,模型模拟达到预期效果。使用校验后的模型对0～100cm土层水分渗漏和氮淋失进行动态模拟的结果显示,硝态氮淋失与水分渗漏动态一致,二者均表现为单日量小且持续时间较长,产生渗漏的累计天数占全生育期天数的59.2%～69.4%。与充分灌溉相比,亏缺灌溉在两季冬小麦产量无显著差异的情况下,日氮淋失和水分渗漏量分别减少3.88%～66.94%和37...     

胶质芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mucilaginosus)的研究进展

胶质芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mucilaginosus)是一种广泛分布于土壤和岩石中的常见细菌,由于该菌具有一定的分解矿物能力,胞外具有肥大的荚膜,并能分泌一些酸类和促生长物质,因此一直被广泛应用于农业、矿物相关工业、环境治理等领域。胶质芽孢杆菌从发现伊始就一直受到国内外研究人员的广泛关注,并在分离鉴定、发酵条件、矿物分解及风化作用、农业及工业领域应用等方面做了许多研究。根据以往的研究结果,从胶质芽孢杆菌的分类地位、生物学特征、功能特性、培养条件及应用研究等几方面对已有的一些研究成果做一综述,以期对该菌的进一步应用提供参考。     

井灌区机井取水量定额管理下的地下水动态模拟

针对华北平原农业灌溉地下水超采的问题,以房山节水示范区为例,采用机井取水量定额管理的方法,基于水文地质模型软件GMS,对示范区地下水位进行模拟研究。结果表明:取水量定额管理后,示范区2020年模拟的地下水位比现状回升了3.34m,比按现状取水量模拟的地下水位多回升了1.49m。机井取水量定额管理可以提高地下水位的回升力度,是实现区域地下水采补平衡的有效措施。     

不同矿化度水淋洗重度盐碱土的水盐运移特征

通过室内土柱试验探讨了不同矿化度水淋洗重度盐碱土的水盐运移特征。结果表明,微咸水和咸水的入渗速率要明显高于淡水入渗。在灌水淋洗后土壤盐分含量均大幅下降,以淡水和微咸水的脱盐效果较好。3个处理淋洗后土壤的Na^＋、Cl^-、SO4^2-、K^＋、Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋含量下降,CO3^2-、HCO3^-含量有所上升,土壤...     

A GIS-based index for relating landscape characteristics to potential nitrogen leaching to wetlands

We developed a spatially-explicit, quantitative Nitrogen Leaching Index to assess the potential for non-point source subsurface nitrogen pollution to wetlands. The index was based on the leaching potential of the watershed soils, the amount of nitrogen available for leaching, and the spatial position of nitrogen sources in the watershed. A raster or cell-based geographic information system (GIS) was used to estimate the necessary data inputs for calculating the index, such as soil hydrologic group, land use/soil type combination, groundwater residence time, and location of septic systems. The Total and Average Watershed Nitrogen Leaching Index (TWNLI and AWNLI) were calculated by summing and averaging, respectively, individual cell contributions over a watershed.Analysis of nine wetland watersheds in central New York state, USA, with mixed forest and agricultural land uses illustrated the use of the index for identifying and ranking wetlands with potential nitrogen pollution. Results showed that the spatial characteristics of a watershed potentially can effect subsurface nitrogen delivery to groundwater-dominated wetlands. The use of an index based on watershed soils, topography, and land use may be useful for assessing potential nitrogen pollution to wetlands at a regional scale.     

贮藏温度对草鱼片冰温保鲜的影响

为了延长冰温贮藏草鱼片的贮藏期,通过盐浸和冰温真空脱水的方法降低鱼肉冰点,从而降低冰温贮藏温度。将新鲜草鱼片用4%盐水在–0.5℃下浸渍10h,然后冰温真空脱水至60%±1%含水率(冰点为–4.2℃),设定了2组冰温组,T1组贮藏温度设定为(–0.5±0.5)℃;T2组为(–3.5±0.5)℃,以4℃冷藏组CT作为对照。在贮藏期间定期测定其pH值、菌落总数(TBC)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)、游离氨基酸和挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N),并进行相应的感官评价,探究贮藏温度对草鱼片品质变化的影响。结果表明,通过降低冰点的方法降低贮藏温度,能够减缓草鱼片TBC、TBA和TVB-N的上升速度,显著延长贮藏期。–0.5℃与–3.5℃冰温贮藏的样品贮藏期分别为50d和60d,冷藏的样品贮藏期只有30d。综合分析,–3.5℃贮藏的草鱼片保鲜效果最优,感官最好,其次是–0.5℃。