Investigations on the Behaviour of Fenpropimorph and its Metabolite Fenpropimorphic Acid in Soils

The fate of fenpropimorph and its metabolite fenpropimorphic acid was investigated in a silty sand soil and in a clayey silt soil. In laboratory and field experiments fenpropimorph disappeared without a lag phase. A few days after application fenpropimorphic acid was detected. Additional laboratory experiments with [¹⁴C]fenpropimorph emphasized the significance of mineralization and the formation of non-extractable residues. The determination of soil/water distribution coefficients of parent compound and metabolite yielded a higher leaching potential for fenpropimorphic acid due to its higher polarity. This was confirmed by performing a laboratory column test under worst-case conditions. Under field conditions, however, fenpropimorphic acid was detected only in the superficial soil layers (0–5 cm) of both investigation sites at very low concentrations.     

淹水条件下改良剂对苏打盐化草甸土的洗盐效应

为明确改良剂在苏打盐化草甸土不同深度土层的改良效果,采用室内淋溶土柱的试验方法,设置S0、S1、S2、S3、S4和S5(每个土柱横截面积0.0113 m~2)分别施用改良剂0.00、0.01、0.05、0.10、0.50 g和1.00 g,折合成公顷用量分别为0.0、8.9、44.3、88.5、442.5 kg·hm~(-2)和885.1 kg·hm~(-2))6个处理,分析淹水条件下不同改良剂用量对苏打盐化草甸土的洗盐效应。结果表明,与未施改良剂处理(S0)相比,S3、S4和S5处理显著降低不同土层(0～30cm)土壤容重(降幅3.88%～8.87%)、增加土壤孔隙度(增幅3.82%～9.38%)、降低土壤pH值(降幅2.36%～8.05%);S2、S3、S4和S5处理显著提高20～40 cm土壤水分入渗量,增幅55.9%～294.6%(P0.05);施用改良剂处理交换性Na~+含量在0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层显著降低,降幅4.84%～56.5%(P0.05),20～30 cm和30～40 cm土层中增幅1.09%～17.1%;S3、S4和S5处理0～10 cm土层电导率显著降低,降幅49.0%～60.4%(P0.05),20～40 cm土层显著增加,增幅3.68%～19.8%(P0.05);S2、S3、S4、S5处理10～20 cm土层碳酸根含量显著降低,降幅5.98%～23.4%(P0.05),S3、S4、S5处理0～30 cm土层碳酸氢根含量降幅1.49%～18.0%;S2、S3、S4和S5处理显著提高0～30 cm≥0.25 mm水稳性团聚体,增幅达16.4%～161.7%(P0.05);S3、S4和S5处理0～30 cm土层MWD显著增加,增幅达5.78%～161.7%(P0.05)。针对本次供试土壤盐渍化程度,综合改良效果及改良剂施用量,改良剂适宜用量为每个土柱0.10 g(88.5 kg·hm~(-2))(S3处理),可达到最优淋洗效果。     

速生意大利杨木防腐与强化复合改性

采用氨溶烷基铜铵(ACQ)防腐剂与脲醛树脂(UF)调制成的相溶复合改性剂,对速生意大利杨木进行一次性真空浸渍处理,使处理材力学性能提高并达到强防腐等级.优化工艺参数为:浸渍压力0.6 MPa、加压2 h、ACQ与UF的体积比为4∶1.处理后主要力学性能指标均提高22.46%以上.对浸渍材进行表面密实化优化工艺处理(压缩率为20%),各项力学性能指标均比素材提高52%以上.对浸渍材与ACQ处理材抗水、酸、碱抽提的抗流失性进行对比试验,前者比后者固着率提高0.84%以上.应用X射-线荧光光谱仪的Cu2+跟踪法,定量分析了浸渍材复合改性剂的含量分布和改性效果.     

绿黄隆在土壤中的迁移特性

应用土壤薄层层析（ＴＬＣ）法测定了１４Ｃ－绿黄隆在１０种土壤中的移动率，其Ｒｆ值为０．６５～１．０，表明绿黄隆在供试土壤中分别属可移动性和极易移动性。用大面积土柱淋溶法测得３种土壤柱在模拟降雨下的淋溶动态及其参数，经计算，在黄潮土、黄棕壤和红壤中，使１４Ｃ－绿黄隆垂直移动透过１０ｃｍ土层所需连续降水量分别为７５，８０和９４ｍｍ。绿黄隆在土壤中的迁移性与土壤ＰＨ值密切相关，随ｐＨ值增高其移动性和淋溶性增大。绿黄隆随水迁移性较强，它有可能对农业生态环境产生不良影响。     

杉木人工林的养分归还动态

４２年生杉木人工林的年凋落量为３０８３．９ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，在一年中的５月和１１月出现两次高峰．凋落物中主要营养元素的年归还量为７２．１３８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，其归还量大小顺序为Ｃａ＞Ｎ＞Ｍｇ＞Ｋ＞Ｐ．降水在杉木人工林中引起的养分淋溶也是养分归还的一个重要方面，五种营养元素的年总淋溶量为７１．２８９ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，在２月和５月亦出现两次高峰，淋溶量大小顺序为Ｋ＞Ｃａ＞Ｍｇ，而Ｎ和Ｐ出现负值，表明两者被林冠层直接吸收．     

长期不同施肥土壤中磷淋溶“阈值”研究

对长期 (2 4年 )不同施肥土壤中磷淋溶趋势的研究结果表明 :土壤耕层 Ca Cl2 - P和 Water- P的含量远比 Olsen- P要小得多 ,可以淋溶的磷素含量普遍较低 ;长期施用厩肥和化肥加秸秆并休闲的土壤更易发生磷素淋溶 ;Ca Cl2 - P和 Water- P之间以及 Water- P和 Olsen- P之间的相关系数均达到极显著水平 ;土壤耕层中 Olsen- P含量达 2 3mg/ kg,是该土壤发生磷素淋溶的“阈值”。     

广州市酸雨对不同森林冠层淋溶规律的研究

１９９８年４月至１９９９年３月对广州市白云山马尾松林和常绿阔叶林、广州市龙眼洞马尾松林两试验点进行了酸雨的监测,并测定和分析了林内穿透雨物理量及化学量,旨在探讨酸雨对不同森林冠层养分淋溶规律的影响。结果表明：（１）广州市酸雨占次数的７９．７％或占降雨量的９５．１％。（２）酸雨通过林冠层后,ｐＨ值明显增加。（３）在马尾松林和常绿阔叶林中,某些单次降雨出现ＳＯ４＾２－、ＮＯ３＾－、ＮＨ４＾＋Ａｌ＾３＋、Ｎａ＾＋的负淋溶现象,说明森林对这些离子（特别是ＮＯ３＾－、Ａａ＾３＋）具有吸收作用;阔叶林全年的ＮＯ３＾－和Ａｌ＾３＋净淋溶为负值,说明阔叶林比马尾松林对这两种离子具有更强的吸收能力。（４）雨水酸度增加（即ｐＨ值减小）,明显提高阳离子Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｋ＾＋和Ｎａ＾＋冠层淋溶面分率。（５）ＮＨ４＾＋、ＳＯ４＾     

砂基栽培中磷素淋失防治研究进展

砂基栽培中的磷素淋溶损失不仅造成肥料利用率降低、农业生产成本上升,还能引起地下和地表水体富营养化。在综合中外有关文献的基础上,阐述了砂基栽培磷素淋溶问题的提出、影响磷素淋溶的因子、防治方法,并对砂基栽培磷素淋溶及其防治作了展望。     

Nitrogen leaching in response to increased nitrogen inputs in subtropical monsoon forests in southern China

Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) (as ammonium nitrate) was applied monthly onto the forest floor of one old-growth forest (>400 years old, at levels of 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and two young forests (both about 70 years old, at levels of 50 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) over 3 years (2004–2006), to investigate how nitrogen (N) input influenced N leaching output, and if there were differences in N retention between the old-growth and the young forests in the subtropical monsoon region of southern China. The ambient throughfall inputs were 23–27 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the young forests and 29–35 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the old-growth forest. In the control plots without experimental N addition, a net N retention was observed in the young forests (on average 6–11 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), but a net N loss occurred in the old-growth forest (−13 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Experimental N addition immediately increased DIN leaching in all three forests, with 25–66% of added N leached over the 3-year experiment. At the lowest level of N addition (50 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), the percentage N loss was higher in the old-growth forest (66% of added N) than in the two young forests (38% and 26%). However, at higher levels of N addition (100 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), the old-growth forest exhibited similar N losses (25–43%) to those in the young forests (28–43%). These results indicate that N retention is largely determined by the forest successional stages and the levels of N addition. Compared to most temperate forests studied in Europe and North America, N leaching loss in these seasonal monsoon subtropical forests occurred mainly in the rainy growing season, with measured N loss in leaching substantially higher under both ambient deposition and experimental N additions.     

《纤维板单位产品综合能耗限额及计算方法》地方标准的研究

通过对目前湖南省纤维板实际生产情况的统计与研究,本地方标准切实、合理地规定了湖南省纤维板单位产品综合能耗限额准入值和计算方法。本标准的制定,对加快推进“两型”社会标准化体系建设、促进纤维板生产企业节能降耗具有重要意义。