不同施肥处理对三峡库区柑橘园土壤氮磷淋失影响

在2017年8月利用原状土柱模拟淋溶试验对三峡库区秭归县柑橘园土壤的氮磷淋溶流失进行研究,探讨不同施肥处理对土壤氮、磷淋失的影响,为三峡库区农业面源污染的防控提供理论依据。试验设置6个处理,分别为不施肥处理(T0)、减量施肥(T1)、常量施肥(T2)、增量施肥(T3)、常量复合肥A施肥(T4)和常量复合肥B施肥(T5)。结果表明:(1)不同施肥处理下,柑橘园土壤淋滤液中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、硝态氮(NO_3~-—N)和铵态氮(NH_4~+—N)的淋溶浓度范围分别为37.16~163.07,0.61~6.69,27.54~79.38,2.37~7.10mg/L。(2)施肥量和施肥种类皆为土壤中氮磷淋溶的影响因素。在相同施肥种类下,土壤氮磷淋溶浓度随施肥量增加而显著增加,但施肥量高到一定程度后,淋溶浓度增长幅度会降低。在相同施氮量下,硝态氮的淋失受施肥种类影响最大,铵态氮最小。(3)在土壤淋滤液中,硝态氮为可溶性氮主要淋失形态,其淋失量占TN淋失量的比率为29.72%~46.18%,NH_4~+—N淋失量的比重为1.09%~2.05%。从研究结果推论,常量复合肥A施肥处理更有利于肥料氮向供植物吸收可溶性氮转化并降低施肥后土壤中氮素累积的风险。     

菜地土壤磷素淋失及其影响因素

以菜地为供试土壤,研究了0~100 cm菜地土壤Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、NaOH-P的空间分布状况及其相关关系。结果表明,0~20 cm菜地Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、NaOH-P含量分别为:123.8~399.6 mg/kg、9.1~27.2 mg/kg、184.9~608.9mg/kg。土壤Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、NaOH-P主要积累在0~20 cm土层,随着土壤深度的增加土壤磷的积累量逐渐降低;土壤Olsen-P与CaCl2-P、NaOH-P呈显著正相关关系。土壤Olsen-P含量高于55.6~63.0 mg/kg时,土壤CaCl2-P显著增加,此时的Olsen-P含量为土壤磷渗漏淋失显著增加的“突变点”。     

不同喷灌定额下垄作沟播油葵根系生长及分布特征

垄作沟播喷灌技术是集垄作沟播与喷灌技术为一体的节水栽培技术.以不同灌水定额各设4个处理(灌水定额分别为24 mm、30 mm、36 mm、42 mm,灌水5次),以常规覆膜喷灌为对照(灌水定额42 mm,灌水5次).通过测定不同灌水处理下垄作沟播油葵根系生长及分布特征等指标,分析了不同灌水处理对油葵根系纵向、横向生长及...     

基于SISM模型和畦灌技术的冬小麦最小灌水定额研究

为确定满足畦灌技术约束下的冬小麦最小灌水定额,采用地面灌溉水流运动模拟模型SISM,结合华北地区畦灌现状,考虑畦田长度、坡度、田面标准差、微地形空间分布差异及入畦单宽流量等要素,设计53.088种畦灌技术要素组合,以地面灌溉水流覆盖整个田块和最小灌水深度Zmin>0为控制条件,对不同技术要素组合下的灌水过程进行模拟,分析畦灌技术要素和灌水性能指标值的对应关系,结合畦灌数值模拟试验结果,提出3种代表性畦田长度（50、100、150 m）下田面标准差、坡度、入畦单宽流量等畦灌要素的建议范围。在不考虑畦田布置优化方案的条件下,3种代表性畦长畦灌最小灌水定额不宜低于84、117、148 mm;在地面灌溉技术及畦田布置方案优化的条件下,3种代表性畦长畦灌最小灌水定额不宜低于71、75、79 mm。     

Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates

Quantification of the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and water on nitrate (NO₃) loss provides an important insight for more effective N and water management. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching in a silage maize field. The experiment included four irrigation levels (0.7, 0.85, 1.0, and 1.13 of soil moisture depletion, SMD) and three N fertilization levels (0, 142, and 189 kg N ha⁻¹), with three replications. Ceramic suction cups were used to extract soil solution at 30 and 60 cm soil depths for all 36 experimental plots. Soil NO₃-N content of 0-30 and 30-60-cm layers were evaluated at planting and harvest maturity. Total N uptake (NU) by the crop was also determined. Maximum NO₃-N leaching out of the 60-cm soil layer was 8.43 kg N ha⁻¹, for the 142 kg N ha⁻¹ and over irrigation (1.13 SMD) treatment. The minimum and maximum seasonal average NO₃ concentration at the 60 cm depth was 46 and 138 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Based on our findings, it is possible to control NO₃ leaching out of the root zone during the growing season with a proper combination of irrigation and fertilizer management.     

稀土壳聚糖螯合盐对水产颗粒饲料性能的影响

研究了在饲料中添加稀土壳聚糖螯合盐（ＲＥＣＣ）对水产颗粒饲料性能的影响。根据鲫（Ｃａｒａｓｓｉｕｓａｕｒａｔｕｓ）鱼苗的营养需求配制４种类型的ＲＥＣＣ试验日粮,即１号饲料（０．００％）、２号饲料（０．０８％）、３号饲料（０．１６％）和４号饲料（０２４％）。测定４种饲料的粉化率和溶失率。结果显示,添加稀土壳聚糖螯合盐后可以降低饲料的 粉化率,饲料中添加０．１６％的稀土壳聚糖螯合盐效果尤其明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）;在饲料中添加ＲＥＣＣ可以显著降低饲料的溶失率（Ｐ＜０．０５）,并可以提高和改善水产颗粒饲料的性能。     

The efficiency of nitrogen in cattle manures when applied to a double‐annual forage cropping system

The use of cattle manure (CM) for fertilization presents challenges for optimizing nitrogen (N) use. Our work aimed to assess N efficiencies, in a 6‐year experiment with three biennial rotations of four crops: oat–sorghum (first year) and ryegrass–maize (second year) in a rainfed humid Mediterranean area of Spain. Fertilization treatments included the following: control (no N), 250 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1 (250MN), three CM rates (supplying 170, 250 and 500 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) and four treatments where the two lowest CM rates were complemented with either 80 or 160 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1. Treatments were distributed randomly in each of three blocks. Maximum dry‐matter yield (~44–49 t ha^?1 rotation^?1) was achieved in the third rotation, and only the control and the 170CM yielded significantly less. Within the limitations of the EU Nitrate Directive, the N steady state supply of 170CM always requires a complement of mineral N (80 kg N ha^?1) to maximize N agronomic efficiency. The maximum N‐fertilizer replacement value (250CM vs. 250MN) was 0·67, without significant differences between the two treatments in other N‐related efficiency indexes, which indicates that plants took advantage of residual‐N effects. Nitrogen losses by leaching in the 250CM treatment were around 5–7% of the N applied. This reinforces the sustainability of manure recycling in long cropping seasons.     

生物炭对砂壤土氮素淋失的影响试验研究

通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究了生物炭对砂壤土的p H值、电导率及氮素淋失的影响。试验设5个生物炭添加比例,分别为0(CK)、1%(T1)、2%(T2)、4%(T3)、6%(T4)。结果表明,p H值和电导率均随生物炭添加比例的增加呈逐渐升高的趋势,其中,各处理砂壤土的电导率较CK分别提高了2.79%、10.88%、11.30%、12.50%。土壤淋溶液中氮素随生物炭添加比例的增加,呈逐渐减小趋势,氮素累积淋溶量也逐渐减小。各处理淋溶液中氮素的淋失总量较CK分别降低了2.89%、7.41%、9.50%和12.25%。研究表明,生物炭能够有效改变砂壤土的理化性质,降低氮素的淋失量,降低地下水面源污染的风险。     

不同滴灌定额对玉米光合性能及水分利用效率的影响

为了探索夏玉米滴灌条件下灌溉定额与灌溉周期,建立适宜的灌溉制度。以‘郑单958’为试验材料,采用地表滴灌,研究了不同生育时期、不同灌水定额对夏玉米生长发育、光合性能、产量及水分利用效率的影响。研究表明,玉米株高、穗位高、最大叶面积系数随灌溉量增加而增加;除灌溉量最小的模式(DI-5)外,各模式间穗位叶光合速率、蒸腾强度差异不显著;玉米穗位叶叶绿素含量（SPAD值）下降速度随灌溉量增加而降低;玉米穗行数、行粒数、千粒重随灌溉定额降低而下降显著。通过分析不同灌溉模式的产量、水分利用效率及经济效益,认为DI-2灌溉模式比较适宜。研究结果可为山西南部夏玉米节水高产栽培技术及滴灌制度提供参考。

     

The effect of situational variability in climate and soil, choice of animal type and N fertilisation level on nitrogen leaching from pastoral farming systems around Lake Taupo, New Zealand

Agricultural systems with grazing animals are increasingly under scrutiny for their contribution to quality degradation of waterways and water bodies. Soil type, climate, animal type and nitrogen (N) fertilisation are contributors to the variation in N that is leached through the soil profile into ground and surface water. It is difficult to explore the effect of these factors using experimentation only and modelling is proposed as an alternative. An agro-ecosystem model, EcoMod, was used to quantify the pastoral ecosystem responses to situational variability in climate and soil, choice of animal type and N fertilisation level within the Lake Taupo region of New Zealand. Factorial combinations of soil type (Oruanui and Waipahihi), climate (low, moderate and high rainfall), animal type (sheep, beef and dairy) and N fertilisation level (0 or 60 kg N/ha/yr) were simulated. High rainfall climates also had colder temperatures, grew less pasture and carried fewer animals overall which lead to less dung and urinary N returned. Therefore, even though a higher proportion of N returned ultimately leached at the higher rainfall sites, the total N leached did not differ greatly between sites. Weather variation between years had a marked influence on N leaching within a site, due to the timing and magnitude of rainfall events. In this region, for these two highly permeable soil types, N applied as fertiliser had a high propensity to leach, either after being taken up by plants, grazed and returned to the soil as dung and urine, or due to direct flow through the soil profile. Soil type had a considerable effect on N leaching risk, the timing of N leaching and mean pasture production. Nitrogen leaching was greatest from beef cattle, followed by dairy and sheep with the level of leaching related to urine deposition patterns for each animal type and due to the amount of N returned to the soil as excreta. Simulation results indicate that sheep farming systems with limited fertiliser N inputs will reduce N leaching from farms in the Lake Taupo catchment.