微生物菌剂对厨余垃圾堆肥温室气体减排的影响

为对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中的温室气体进行减排,在60 L强制通风静态堆肥装置中进行为期35 d的厨余垃圾和园林废弃物的联合好氧堆肥试验。在堆肥原料中分别添加复合微生物菌剂VT1000（VT）、枯草芽孢杆菌（BS）和地衣芽孢杆菌（BL）三种菌剂,并以不加菌剂的堆肥处理（CK）作为对照,监测堆肥过程中的CH4和N2O排放,以研究不同微生物菌剂对于厨余垃圾堆肥温室气体排放的影响。结果表明：微生物菌剂的添加会加快堆体升温和促进腐熟,同时能够实现不同程度的温室气体减排。堆肥过程中N2O的排放量在总温室气体二氧化碳排放当量中占比远高于甲烷,达到总排放当量的76.83%～88.57%,排放高峰期分别出现在堆肥初期和腐熟期。甲烷的排放高峰期出现在堆肥降温期,累计排放量达到温室气体总排放当量的1.65%～2.40%。各处理的总温室气体排放当量分别为95.84 kg·t-1（CK）、52.31 kg·t-1（VT）、42.03 kg·t-1（BS）和62.49 kg·t-1（BL）。与CK处理相比,BS处理的总温室气体的减排效果最好,减排率为56.15%,BL处理的减排率最低,为34.80%,VT处理减排率为45.42%。相较于CH4,菌剂对N2O的减排效果更好,可达35.32%～61.86%。结合堆肥过程的温度及各腐熟度指标,该研究选取的微生物菌剂能够在保证堆肥效率和产品质量的前提下有效减少温室气体排放。     

蚯蚓堆肥前后对污泥肥力和小白菜种子发芽情况的影响

[目的]主要研究蚯蚓堆肥前后对污泥肥力和小白菜种子发芽情况的影响。[方法]利用蚯蚓堆肥处理污泥,通过测定堆肥前后污泥全氮、有效氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾、有效钾的变化,研究蚯蚓堆肥对污泥肥力的影响;利用堆肥处理后的污泥培养小白菜种子,通过测定发芽势、发芽指数和发芽率,研究堆肥后污泥肥力变化对其发芽率的影响。[结果]A1～A5(A2除外)试验组全氮下降幅度分别为27%、26%、21%和18%;A2组中全磷增加最大,为实验前的1.6倍;A2组中有效钾含量上升了20%;A5组中发芽率最低。[结论]蚯蚓堆肥提高了污泥中有效氮含量和全氮含量,而全磷含量、有效磷含量出现不同程度的增加,全磷增量大于有效磷,全钾和有效钾含量变化小;土壤中加入辅料对小白菜发芽势和发芽率均有不同程度的改善,发芽指数的变化趋势与发芽率一致。     

废木片调理有机固体废弃物有氧堆肥工艺研究

食品加工厂剩余污泥含有丰富的有机质及氮、磷和微量元素等养分,可作为有机肥料和土壤改良剂。针对食品剩余污泥特性,采用高温好氧堆肥工艺,用牛粪、米糠、木片做添加剂,探讨了3组配比实验：第1桶,食品剩余污泥∶牛粪∶米糠∶木片=1∶0.5∶0.34∶0.71;第2桶,食品剩余污泥∶牛粪∶米糠∶木片=1∶0.5∶0.45∶0.86;第3桶,食品剩余污泥∶牛粪∶米糠∶木片=1∶0.5∶0.23∶0.56。综合实验结果分析,第2桶的效果最好,最后达到的参数指标温度、含水率、pH值、有机质含量、TOC的数值分别为28.1℃、30.6%、6.8、69.2%、29.1%。     

城市污泥堆肥过程中腐殖酸及重金属形态的变化

堆肥是有机物质腐殖化的过程,堆肥过程中形成的腐殖质可以有效地降低重金属的有效性和迁移性。本研究以H2O、Na4P2O7+Na OH连续浸提污泥堆肥过程中堆体的腐殖酸以及与其结合的重金属,分析腐殖酸及其结合的重金属随时间变化的规律。结果表明:堆肥过程形成的腐殖质中主要以胡敏酸(HA)为主,HA的含量在堆肥过程中先降低后升高,堆肥结束时其含量与堆肥初始差异不显著,而富里酸(FA)的含量有所降低,堆肥结束时,胡敏酸与富里酸比值(H/F)由堆肥初始的3.1增至4.2;与堆肥前相比,堆肥结束时HA结合态Cr、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cu占各重金属的比例增加14.1个百分点、20.0个百分点、1.2个百分点、23.3个百分点和2.3个百分点,重金属的迁移性与有效性较低。     

秸秆腐解物覆盖对园林土壤理化性质的影响

为了了解不同类型不同厚度的作物秸秆腐解物的覆盖在园林上的应用效果,采用玉米、小麦、棉花秸秆的腐解物为覆盖材料,覆盖3、6、9 cm,研究了不同秸秆腐解物及不同厚度覆盖对土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明,覆盖可以显著降低表层（0～10 cm）土壤体积质量,提高土壤渗透性,具有显著的保水作用,如覆盖1 a,各材料覆盖6 cm效果理想,如覆盖2 a,玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆覆盖最佳覆盖厚度为9 cm,棉花秸秆最佳覆盖厚度为6 cm;3种秸秆覆盖6 cm时,杂草减少96%以上,覆盖9 cm时,杂草抑制率达100%;覆盖1 a后土壤中有机质和养分含量显著增加;覆盖后地面径流浑浊度减少90%以上;覆盖还能减缓土壤温度变化幅度。农业废弃物园林覆盖省水、省肥、省工,符合节约型园林的要求,生态效益显著,值得推广应用。     

添加竹酢液和菌剂对园林废弃物堆肥理化性质的影响

为研究不同水平竹酢液及菌剂对堆肥效果的影响,以园林废弃物为原料,通过L9(34)正交设计以竹酢液和菌剂为添加剂进行静态好氧高温堆肥试验,分析了堆肥过程中各个时期不同处理的温度、pH值、EC值、全N、全P和全K的变化趋势,并对腐熟后各处理堆肥产品中的全N、全P、全K、Mg、Fe和S的质量分数进行了方差分析与多重比较。结果表明,添加竹酢液和菌剂的处理使堆肥初期温度上升较快,有效降低了堆肥产品中的pH值和EC值;添加竹酢液和菌剂对于堆肥产品中的全N、全P、全K、Fe和S质量分数均影响极显著,可有效增加全P、全K、Fe和S质量分数,且存在交互作用;氮以氨气形式挥发损失,与空白比较,加入菌剂会加速氮的损失,而添加一定稀释倍数的竹酢液可有效保氮;将堆肥产品间各指标进行比较,稀释1 000倍竹酢液2 L+0.5%“有机废物发酵菌曲”的园林废弃物堆肥效果 最好。     

Stability of co‐composted hydrochar and biochar under field conditions in a temperate soil

Hydrothermally converted biomass (hydrochar) is evaluated as a carbon‐rich soil amendment in addition to pyrogenic biochar. After assessing the suitability of hydrochar for use in agriculture, its environmental safety and comparing its chemistry with that of biochar, we describe a field trial established at Halle (Germany) under natural conditions for a temperate climate and without further external management practices. The main objective of our study was to analyse the stability and hence the C sequestration potential of composted chars over a period of 2 years. Four treatments (no amendment control, compost, co‐composted hydrochar and co‐composted biochar) in fourfold field replication were chosen to make a direct comparison of biochar and hydrochar under field conditions. The total organic carbon and total N increased in all treatments in comparison with the control but only in biochar‐amended treatments were N concentrations more stable. Composted biochar showed significantly more black carbon content in topsoil, sampled some months after application, compared with all other treatments. We show that hydrochar is less suitable for long‐term C sequestration in comparison with biochar but has potential for soil amelioration because it delivers essential nutrients. On the other hand, biochar is richer in polyaromatic C than hydrochar and therefore is more stable in the long term. We assessed biochar stability using the black carbon analysis of the different soil samples.     

有氧健身操锻炼对普通女大学生STI的影响

探讨较长时间的有氧健身操锻炼对普通女性大学生STI是否有良性的影响，30名普通女性大学生分成实验组（15人，3次/周， 90min/次）和对照组（15人，1次/周， 90min/次），共16周（一个学期）有氧健身操定量锻炼。分别在锻炼前、第8周末、16周结束时测量STI指标。结果表明，8周有氧健身操锻炼有一定的效果，但并不显著，直到16周结束STI相应指标才出现较明显的变化。提示：短期的有氧健身操锻炼对心脏的影响较小，要使心脏发生与运动相适应性的良性变化，锻炼的周期要长，且要保证每周锻炼的次数和时间。     

Progress and Yield Bottleneck of Aerobic Rice in the North China Plain: A Case Study of Varieties Handao 297 and Handao 502

Aerobic rice has been considered a promising rice cultivation system as water scarcity is increasing in the world. This article summarizes the advances in aerobic rice management researches in the North China Plain, focusing on yield formation and its bottleneck. High-yielding and good-quality aerobic rice varieties adapted to aerobic soil conditions have been released officially and adopted by farmers in North China. The varieties Handao 502 and Handao 297 have been recognized as the most promising varieties reaching a yield level ranging 3.5-5.0 t ha-1 with 450-650 mm water input. Compared with lowland rice, water input in aerobic rice was more than 50% lower, and water productivity was 60% higher. Researches on responses of rice cultivars to nitrate nitrogen （N） and ammonium N supplied at early growth stages provided the first evidence for a preference of aerobic rice HD297 for nitrate N supply, compared with the lowland rice variety. Zinc uptake studies demonstrated that introduction of aerobic rice system on calcareous soils may increase zinc deficiency problems. Sink size was identified as the limitation of aerobic rice yield, because its spikelet number m-2 was too low （20000-24 000） compared with the lowland rice. For future research, more attention is suggested to be paid to yield formation focusing on effects of water regimes on tiller dynamics. Understanding of nutrient uptake and response to fertilization effects are also urgently required to establish optimized crop management technology. Additionally, alternative cropping systems based on aerobic rice should be established, and key sustainability and environmental impact issues in the systems need to be identified.     

Research on Main Microorganism Groups and Their Ecological Law im Aeration Sludge Composting Process

This paper emphatically probes into main microorganism groups and their characteristics in sewage sludge aeration composition system,and relationships between these groups and the environmental factors.Researches show that there exist interactions between microorganism groups and the environmental factors,such as organic matters,temperature and pH.Organic matters and temperature are two primary factors that effect on variations of microorganism groups. pH is a non-primary environmental factor.It is also found that microbial quantity variation curve in sludge composting process is different from that of in wastewater treatment process.