陇中坡地不同退耕模式对土壤团粒结构分形特征的影响

运用分形模型,研究陇中坡耕地及其退耕改种成苜蓿、侧柏、柠条、红柳、杏树后土壤团粒结构分形维数,并对分形维数与土壤理化性质之间的关系进行拟合。结果表明:各模式团粒结构分形维数介于2.014～2.153之间,且与>0.25mm粒径的团粒结构含量间呈极显著线性相关。退耕后,红柳、侧柏地>0.25mm的土壤团粒结构含量较其他模式显著增加,各类退耕地的土壤自然含水量、有机质、全氮含量明显高于坡耕地,但土壤团粒结构分形维数与有机质、全氮、全磷、有效磷、速效钾含量相关性不强。     

基于GIS的陕北黄土高原土地生态系统固碳释氧价值评价

 【目的】定量评价生态系统固定CO2和释放O2功能,是生态系统服务功能研究重要内容之一。论文旨在对土地生态系统固碳释氧价值进行遥感测量和评价,为改善区域生态环境提供参考。【方法】论文依据光合作用方程式,采用遥感估算模型,基于植被NPP（第一性生产力）物质量测算结果,分别测算陕北黄土高原绿色植物固碳释氧物质量。以此为基础,分别采用造林成本法和工业制氧法测算其价值量。探讨陕北黄土高原生态系统固碳释氧价值的时间变化、空间分布。【结果】陕北黄土高原固定CO2的价值在1978、1990、2000和2005年分别为141.27亿元、177.46亿元、170.09亿元和247.08亿元,平均值为187.72亿元;释放O2的价值取两种测评方法的平均值,分别为150.07亿元、188.52亿元、192.97亿元和281.48亿元,年平均值为203.26亿元,比固定CO2的平均值多15.54亿元。从土地利用类型来看,固碳释氧价值表现为林地＞耕地＞牧草地＞园地＞其它类型。【结论】陕北黄土高原北部各县的单位面积固定CO2和释放O2价值普遍低于南部各县,总体上分布沿北部向南部逐渐升高。南部的子午岭和黄龙山具有很高的单位面积价值,如黄龙县、黄陵县、富县和甘泉县。北部农牧交错带和中部黄土沟壑区水土流失比较严重的地区固碳释氧的单位面积价值较低,这与生态环境脆弱有关。     

甘肃旱地土壤的持水能力与抗旱能力

对甘肃中部及陇东地区的几种旱地黄绵土、黑沪土及褐土等土壤的持水能力及抗旱能力进行了初步研究。几种土壤的田间持水量（３０ＫＰａ时的含水量）为１６０～２４０ｇｋｇ￣（－１），有效水含量在８８～１７９ｇｋｇ￣（－１）之间，据此得出几种土壤１ｍ土层中有效水贮量变动在１３５～２１６ｍｍ之间。通过对土壤基质持水能力及持水特征的比较分析，认为褐土、红土抗旱能力最差，而几种黄绵土的抗旱能力相当强。黄绵土结构状况差、坡度大造成降雨入侵慢、影响深层贮水是造成生产上干旱严重的原因。     

长株潭耕地土壤pH值分布特征及其与土壤养分的关系

pH值是土壤重要属性之一,研究耕地pH值的分布及其与土壤主要养分之间的关系,对土壤改良和合理高效施肥具有重要参考作用。研究利用统计分析以及地理空间分析技术,分析了长株潭地区耕地土壤pH值分布情况,及不同pH值土壤养分含量的差异状况。结果表明,长株潭耕地pH值以湘潭县最高,炎陵县最低;土壤类型中的pH均值依序为:紫色土潮土水稻土黄壤红壤黄棕壤;除有效磷外,各土壤养分在不同pH值组分间均有显著差异。     

农机社会化服务对土地规模经营的影响——基于服务外包和供给的双重视角

为推动土地规模经营的进一步发展,助力小农户衔接大市场,兼顾农机服务供需两方面的研究必不可少。首先,从理论上分析农机服务外包与供给对于农户土地规模经营的作用机制;其次,运用OLS模型实证分析农机服务外包与农机服务供给对于农户土地规模经营的影响,为保证模型结果的可靠性,引入工具变量采用2SLS模型,做进一步分析;最后,选取家庭农机资产作为调节变量,建立调节效应模型,分析农户农机服务外包与供给二者间的关系。结果表明：农机服务外包对土地规模经营存在农户异质性影响,经营规模在(12.62 hm2,25.24 hm2］之间的农户户均农机服务外包环节数最高,达4.08,而经营规模在(0 hm2,12.62 hm2］、(25.24 hm2,37.86 hm2］以及大于37.86 hm2的农户户均农机服务外包环节数分别为3.48、2.29、1.45,表明随着农户经营规模的扩大,农机服务外包环节数呈现倒“U”趋势。农机服务供给对土地规模经营有正向促进作用,显著性系数为0.549;经营规模区间由低到高,其户均服务供给环节数分别为0.1、0.6、1.79和3.6,即随着经营规模的扩大,农户服务供给量也逐渐上升。家庭农机资产可以负向调节农机服务外包对土地规模经营的影响,自购农机与农机服务外包间存在替代关系。     

宁夏南部山区退耕还林后草畜产业发展探讨——以海原县为例

退耕还林政策对加强生态建设,优化农村产业结构,促进农村经济发展,推进西部大开发和全面建设小康社会具有重大的意义。文章在对宁夏南部山区退耕还林的情况实地调研的工作基础之上,通过对宁南山区、海原县草畜产业基础数据的比较分析和定量分析,建立草畜产业生产过程的灰色控制模型,找出草蓄产业发展的优势及存在的问题,提出海原县应加强政府管理、扶持龙头企业、延长产业链条、加大科技支撑等解决对策。     

化隆县林草地鼠虫害调查及防治

就化隆县林草地带鼠虫害发生及防治情况进行了总结,指出了存在的问题,并就今后防治情况提出了建议。     

绿地精准灌溉控制系统设计与最优灌溉量分析

为了提高绿地精准灌溉控制系统中两点法测量土壤墒情的测量精度,通过对土壤水分传感器一体化的研究,设计了双层复合土壤水分传感器,相比于传统的两个传感器策略,使用该复合型土壤水分传感器测量结果更加精确,且降低了能耗。为了获得绿地作物的最优灌溉量,确保灌溉水不浪费且能满足作物正常生长的需求,以高羊茅为例,通过实验,在综合分析高羊茅生长需求、土壤墒情和部分气象资料的基础上,得出适合于高羊茅的最优灌溉量为12 mm。     

Effect of Cropping on Changes in Phosphorus Fractions of Soils from Arable and Other Forest Land Use: A Greenhouse Bioassay

Abstract

Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted on six soils from natural reserves, seven plantation soils, and two arable soils from the Omo biosphere reserves in southwestern Nigeria to assess the phosphorus (P) fractions and the extent to which the soils could support five consecutive cycles of maize (Zea mays L.) harvest. The organic‐P fractions constitutes about 50% of the total P, and the inorganic‐P fractions in the order of abundance was iron (Fe) P>occluded P>aluminum (Al)‐P>calcium (Ca) P. The residual P constituted about 20% of the total P. There were significant reductions in the inorganic‐P fractions after five consecutive maize harvests; this was however, more pronounced in the available P (Bray 1). About 62% reduction in Bray 1 P was recorded after maize harvests. The reductions in the P forms after five cycles of maize harvest was Bray 1 P>Ca P>residual P>Al P>total P>Fe P>organic P>occluded P>reductant P. The capacity of the soils to support maize growth without fertilization varied widely in each of the maize cycle. Soil from natural reserves produced a significantly higher maize yield compared to most plantation soils. The arable soils investigated were depleted of their fertility after the third crop harvest.     

Anthropogenic effects on the physical and chemical properties of subtropical coastal urban soils

We investigated the effects of various anthropogenic factors on urban soil properties in subtropical, coastal Tampa, FL, USA. Specifically, we explored the influence of (i) urbanization as measured by land use, land cover, population density and years since urban development and (ii) socioeconomic conditions as reflected in household income and property values on bulk density (BD) and several key soil chemical properties. Results indicate that Tampa’s urban soils were affected to varying degrees by these factors with chemical properties being more variable than BD. Across land uses significant differences were found for Mehlich‐1 (M1) extractable P, Ca and Na. A similar trend was observed for land‐cover classes, although significant differences were also found for pH and M1‐Cu. Soil properties had no statistically significant relationship with population density. However, time since urbanization did with M1‐P and Na varying significantly across age categories. For our socioeconomic analyses, M1‐K and Mg levels differed significantly by household income while pH, P, Ca and Na values differed significantly by property value. Overall, our findings indicate that despite their inherent heterogeneity, there are identifiable patterns among subtropical coastal urban soil properties. We suggest that a more thorough understanding of these patterns and their drivers is an essential first step towards developing soil management strategies aimed at maintaining environmental quality and ecosystem services in subtropical cities.