基于QuickBird影像的艾比湖及周边土壤风蚀研究

近年来,艾比湖湖面发生严重萎缩,造成湖泊大面积裸露,为沙尘暴提供了大面积沙源。通过对高分辨率QuickBird影像数据的处理,分析了艾比湖湖域的风蚀现状。在湖岸周边强度以上的风蚀面积约占63%,主要分布在无植被覆盖的东部和西部;微度风蚀和中度风蚀面积约占37%,主要分布在有植被覆盖的南北两岸。湖泊裸露的干涸湖底,位于湖泊的西北部,面积达430km²。影像的色调、形状和纹理变化上反映了干涸湖底的地貌形态和风系的方向。结合实地测量数据的分析发现,湖泊西北向东南方向形成宽约4.5km,长约10km,坡度为1/5000的带状坡面,为沙尘暴的发生创造了有利的条件。要改善艾比湖流域生态环境,主要依靠增加入湖水量以减小干涸湖底的沙源,达到控制艾比湖地区风蚀的目的。     

Ammonium oxidation coupled to dissimilatory reduction of iron under anaerobic conditions in wetland soils

In exploring the dynamics of iron and nitrogen cycling in sediments from riparian forests we have observed a redox reaction that has not been previously described. During incubations of soil slurries under strictly anaerobic conditions, we repeatedly measured an unexpected production of both nitrite () and ferrous iron [Fe(II)]. Using this indirect evidence we hypothesize that, under anaerobic conditions, there is a biological process that uses ferric iron [Fe(III)] as an electron acceptor while oxidizing ammonium () to for energy production. This oxidation under iron reducing anaerobic conditions is thermodynamically feasible and is potentially a critical component of the N cycle in saturated sediments.     

抚仙湖重金属污染强度、历史及来源的沉积记录

This study focused on the concentration change of heavy metals of sediment cores in heavily polluted north area and less polluted middle area of Fuxian Lake in Southwest China.On the basis of the analysis of Cu,Ni,Ti,V,Pb,Cd,and Zn concentration-depth profiles,the pollution history of heavy metals was studied using ¹³⁷cesium (¹³⁷Cs) dating.The sources of heavy metals were distinguished by normalization of their profiles to aluminum and analysis of heavy metal concentrations of potential source materials.Geoaccumulation index (I_geo) was used to quantify their contamination intensity.The results showed that all the heavy metals found in the Fuxian Lake sediments originated naturally before 1980s.Cu,Ni,Ti,and V were still mainly natural in the north lake after 1980s,Cu,Ni,Ti,V,and Pb were mainly natural in the middle lake at all time,but the concentrations of Pb and Zn in the north lake were influenced by industrial wastes from the phosphorus fertilizer factory and cement plants.In all the lake,the contaminations of Cd and Zn were the results of agricultural cultivation using a large amount of fertilizers and the atmospheric fallouts of dusts from cement plants.At present,the geoaccumulation indices showed that the Fuxian Lake sediments were moderately to strongly polluted by Cd in the middle lake,and unpolluted to moderately polluted by Pb and Zn and strongly polluted by Cd in the north lake.Moreover,the pollution intensities of Cd,Zn,and Pb have been increased since 1980s.     

黄土高原梯田和淤地坝坡沟治理措施对产流产沙的协同效应

黄土高原地区的梯田和淤地坝措施发挥了重要的水土保持功能,然而现有的研究主要关注单个措施的减水减沙效应,对坡沟治理措施综合配置协同调控水沙过程的作用一直认识不清。因此,该研究为解析梯田和淤地坝措施对水沙过程的协同调控效应,构建了10个坡沟系统物理模型,设置了对照组（CO）,单一措施组（梯田措施（T0）,4种因淤地坝淤积导致坡沟区域的坡长缩短（L1、L2、L3和L4））和组合措施组（梯田与4种因淤地坝淤积导致坡沟区域的坡长缩短的综合配置（T1、T2、T3和T4））,进行降雨强度为90 mm/h的室内模拟降雨试验,量化不同试验方案下坡沟系统的产流产沙过程。结果表明：1）梯田措施和淤地坝淤积导致坡沟区域坡长缩短均有效调控了坡沟系统的产流产沙过程,梯田能分别减少46.30%～83.59%的径流总量和25.82%～82.41%的泥沙总量,淤地坝导致坡沟区域坡长缩短能分别减少7.87%～33.42%的径流总量和10.20%～30.57%的泥沙总量。2）不同试验方案下坡沟系统的产沙率和产流率之间满足线性关系,而累计产沙量和累计产流量满足幂函数关系。3）综合措施配置发挥了“1+1> 2”的水土保持...     

On-site remediation of chromium-contaminated sediments by combination of sediment washing and stabilization with magnesium oxide/limestone mixtures

Goal, Scope and Background  The remediation of heavy-metalcontaminated soils and sediments is of significant value to industrial areas around the world. The spread of such pollutants can result in a potential risk of entering the groundwater system and being transported to potential receptors. Leaching techniques can be an effective treatment option for the metal removal from soils and sediments. This approach consists of washing or leaching the contaminated soil with an appropriate reagent and the subsequent treatment of the leaching in an above-ground installation (on-site treatment) where metals can be removed and concentrated into a smaller volume. Among the heavy metals, chromium is a commonly identified soil contaminant, particularly in sites with intensive economic activities including agriculture, industrial, mining and mineral,processing. Objective  The objective of this work was the evaluation and development of a leaching process for the remediation of soils and sediments polluted with chromium at laboratory scale. Chromium soil pollution was generated after the breakdown of a channel containing chromium wastes from a tannery plant. The pollution extension has been estimated to be on the order of thousands of tonnes of soil to be treated, with chromium contents ranging from 500 to 17,000 mg kg^-1 soil. Methods  The whole process investigated in this study integrates three stages; a) chromium leaching from a sediment using a diluted sulphuric acid solution, b) treatment of the leaching effluents with a magnesium oxide/limestone mixture for the precipitation of chromium hydroxide after acidity neutralisation, and c) polishing step to remove the eventual remaining chromium by adsorption onto natural zeolite. The amount of contaminated sediment treated ranged from 0.5 to 2 kg with chromium contents of between 2000 and 17,000 mg kg^-1. Results and Discussion  The paper describes results on the performance of the process and the optimisation of steps including influence of acid sulphuric concentration, chromium removal efficiency as well as alkaline reactive mixture proportions. Effluents from the leaching cells showed a significant decay on the chromium concentration with the increase of leaching runs and a high content of acidity (pH values close to 0.5). The treatment of these effluents in a second cell containing magnesium oxide/ limestone mixtures resulted in a high efficiency in neutralisation of acidity (pH values around 7) and chromium removal (concentrations below 5 mg 1^-1). The passage through a third compartment containing zeolite as an adsorbent decreased the chromium concentration below 0.5 mg 1^-1, Conclusions  From the results obtained on the chromium leaching and immobilisation with magnesium oxide/limestone mixture at a laboratory scale, it could be pointed out that: (a) diluted sulphuric acid solutions (3%) demonstrated a high efficiency on chromium removal from sandy polluted soils on the kilogram scale, (b) mixtures of magnesium oxide/limestone demonstrated a high capacity to neutralise the residual high acidity present on the effluents and to remove chromium by precipitation and (c) between the limestone and caustic magnesia mixtures, those containing more than 60% of caustic magnesia provide the higher efficiency. Recommendation and Outlook  Future work would be directed to the evaluation of the integrated process of leaching and chromium precipitation on column at a scale of 100 to 1000 kg.     

水平沟整地措施对黄土丘陵区草原土壤水分动态平衡的影响

三峡水库消落带是库区水域与周边陆地环境的关键过渡地带,周期性反季节干湿交替使其具有强烈的物质交换特征。辨析消落带泥沙及其吸附的颗粒态磷的来源对消落带土壤污染防治和环境效应评估以及三峡水环境保护具有重要意义。以三峡库区汝溪河支流不同高程（145～155、>155～165、>165～175 m）消落带为研究对象,运用复合指纹技术查明,消落带泥沙中颗粒态磷的主要来源是长江干流悬移质和汝溪河上游悬移质。淹水期间长江干流江水顶托引起的泥沙沉积是颗粒态磷的主要来源,在>165～175 m高程带对颗粒态磷的贡献达到最大（54.5%）。雨季初期支流上游悬移质对145～155 m高程消落带的颗粒态磷贡献最大（51.6%）,而随高程的增加贡献率减少。消落带上方的土壤侵蚀产沙主要堆积在>155～165和>165～175 m高程范围内,导致消落带上方土壤对泥沙和颗粒态磷的贡献率都随高程的增加而增加。     

基于湖泊(水库)沉积物分析的土壤侵蚀研究

土壤侵蚀作为全球性的环境问题之一,受自然和人为因素的共同影响。而湖泊(水库)沉积物作为流域物质迁移的“汇”,可以连续、高分辨率地记录流域土壤侵蚀的信息。通过湖泊沉积指标的研究,可以反演流域土壤侵蚀过程、演化规律。与流域人类活动、气候变化等自然因素综合分析,可对流域土壤侵蚀发生机制等做出科学论断,为目前水土流失治理等提供参考依据。介绍了基于湖泊(水库)沉积物的放射性同位素示踪研究、矿物与磁性分析、粒度分析、孢粉、元素地球化学分析方法应用于土壤侵蚀的研究进展,并对其应用前景做了瞻望。     

沉积物中微生物量与有机碳形态的相关性研究

以富营养化类型不同的乌梁素海和岱海为对象,根据水域面积及生态类型进行采样及分析测试,开展了湖泊沉积物中微生物量与有机碳形态的相关性研究,对比分析了2个湖泊沉积物微生物量的分布特征及其差异性,初步探讨了2个湖泊沉积物微生物量与含水率、pH及有机碳各形态间的相关性。结果表明,乌梁素海表层沉积物中微生物量介于5.59×10^8～32.46×10^8个·g^-1dw,平均16.36×10^8个·g^-1dw;岱海表层沉积物微生物量介于4.76×10^8～43.66×10^8个·g^-1dw,平均25.04×10^8个·g^-1dw;乌梁素海微生物量的高值区位于湖区东南部,岱海微生物量的高值区位于湖心区;2个湖泊沉积物柱芯中的微生物量均随深度增加而减少,沉积物微生物量与含水率、总氮和活性有机碳呈显著相关性。     

黄土丘陵区小流域淤地坝泥沙沉积特征

了解淤地坝泥沙沉积特征是坝地泥沙输移过程及规律研究的基础和前提。该文通过对黄土丘陵区小流域淤地坝不同位置泥沙沉积剖面中各沉积旋回层厚度及粒径组成变化的分析,研究了淤地坝次洪水沉积过程中泥沙的再分布特征。结果表明:坝地内次洪水泥沙沉积过程为非均匀分布,各沉积旋回层厚度在纵剖面和横剖面都存在一定差异,早期沉积层厚度的起伏变化要大于后期的起伏变化。坝地泥沙粒径组成以粉粒为主,黏粒、粉粒和沙粒的平均含量分别为4.66%、58.78%和36.56%。坝地泥沙沉积过程中,各旋回层中黏粒、粉粒和沙粒的平均含量变化较小,但在坝地不同位置,土壤粒径组成发生了一定程度的分选。从坝尾到坝前,土壤质地粗化度显著下降,土壤粒径组成呈逐步细化的趋势。     

渤海沉积物中微生物铁还原能力及其影响因素探讨

采用恒温厌氧培养实验,以Fe（OH）3为唯一电子受体,通过测定接种不同沉积物提取液后的体系中Fe（Ⅱ）含量变化,研究了渤海沉积物在不同的碳源、温度、厌氧培养时间及pH条件下的铁还原特征。结果表明,从不同水质海区沉积物提取的微生物群落均可以葡萄糖和丙酮酸盐为优势碳源,并迅速还原Fe（Ⅲ）,其利用不同碳源的铁还原能力表现为葡萄糖〉丙酮酸盐〉乳酸盐〉乙酸盐;在不同水质海区之间Fe（Ⅲ）还原程度存在一定差异,Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类水质区域的微生物Fe（Ⅲ）还原能力明显低于Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类水质区域;以葡萄糖和丙酮酸盐作为碳源培养时,在15℃和30℃培养条件下其Fe（Ⅲ）还原反应的活性随着温度的升高而升高,表明微生物在优势碳源下,提高培养温度可促进铁还原反应的效率;淹水时间延长可改变微生物群落结构,促进利用葡萄糖和丙酮酸盐的微生物恢复增长,使Fe（Ⅲ）还原能力增强;微生物群落在pH中性体系条件下Fe（Ⅲ）还原能力最强,随着体系pH值由8.0升高到11.0或pH由6.0降低到3.0,体系中Fe（Ⅲ）还原能力均逐渐降低。