海西东部及环青海湖地区40多年的气候变化研究

利用1961～2004年地面观测资料,分析了海西东部及环青海湖地区年、季气候变化的特征和规律。结果表明,海西东部及环青海湖40多年来年季平均气温平均增温幅度为0．3～0．6℃,平均最低和最高气温多数季节增温具有非对称性。并且20世纪90年代四季增暖最为明显。夏季和冬季降水略有增加,而过渡季节降水变化基本呈减少趋势。年均和秋、冬、春、夏四季的气温变化倾向率均为正值．分别为0．48、0．57、0．692、0．337、0．373℃／10a。冬、夏季降水变化的倾向率为0．442、4．672mm／10a;而秋、春季了水变化的倾向率为-2．304、-0．022mm／10a。冬季降水量和累计积雪量的缓慢增加容易导致该地区地表积雪的积累,极易形成雪灾或低温冻害。春季气温升高、降水减少。干旱发生的频次将增加;秋、冬季气温上升幅度比较大．将有利于病虫害的越冬、繁殖,加重病虫害对农牧业生产的危害程度。     

Sediments in the Catchment-coast Continuum (7 pp)

-  Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Ulrich Förstner on his 65th birthdayBackground   Sediments pose problems at their deposition sites when there is too little sediment (e.g. wetlands) or too much sediment (e.g. navigable waterways) and, additionally, when they are contaminated. These problems often have their origin upstream in the river catchment. Objective   Global aspects of changes concerning sediment quantity and quality, as they affect downstream areas, are reviewed. A case study of estuarine sediments demonstrates how a holistic approach helps in understanding and predicting their present and future quality. Results and Conclusions   Globally, large reservoirs intercept between 25 and 30% of the sediment and consequently supply the coast with impacts on wetlands and coastal morphology. In estuaries, the composition of sediments is determined by the mixing of marine sediments supplied from the coast and the supply by rivers. Natural tracers can be used to predict mixing ratios of marine to fluvial sediments in estuaries, and hence their contamination. Scenarios on implementation of pollution abatement, the implementation of regulations as well as climate change are needed to predict future sediment quality in downstream areas. The results show, even for a ‘green’ scenario, that sediment quality in the Rhine catchment will pose future problems due to the temporal storage of contaminants in soils and sediments.Recommendations and Outlook   The current methods applied make use of existing models linking sediment transport with point and diffuse sources in the river catchments and scenarios on the development of strength of point and diffuse sources. However, more effort is needed to come to a uniform framework which includes land use changes and links with more advanced scenario methodology for long to medium-term management of sediment quality and quantity in river catchments.     

洱海缓冲带典型入湖溪流沉积物磷形态的分布特征

[目的]了解洱海缓冲带典型入湖河流沉积物磷形态分布特征,为洱海生态系统修复提供科学依据。[方法]对洱海缓冲带3条典型入湖溪流茫涌溪、莫残溪、中和溪进行了沉积物的采集,并对其中总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、铁铝磷(Fe/Al-P)、钙磷(Ca-P)4种磷形态的含量进行测定。[结果]3条溪流沉积物磷形态沿程变化趋势大不相同;洱海的缓冲带结构缺乏合理性,有待改进;土地的利用类型不同对洱海缓冲带入湖河流沉积物磷形态贡献率也就不同;入湖口沉积物磷形态含量从大到小均依次为:中和溪莫残溪茫涌溪;从磷形态组成来看,茫涌溪沉积物中的磷主要为Ca-P,莫残溪、中和溪则均以Fe/Al-P为主;磷形态的相关性分析表明,3条溪沉积物中TP含量的变化与Fe/Al-P,及有机磷(OP)呈极显著正相关。[结论]沉积物中OP的变化对Ca-P,Fe/Al-P的含量有一定影响。Fe/Al-P含量对IP含量有较高的贡献率。Fe/Al-P与Ca-P之间相关性较弱。     

三万年来卤阳湖湖泊沉积物地球化学元素变化特征及其环境意义

利用荧光光谱仪、等离子发射光谱,测定关中盆地卤阳湖区沉积物(0~280cm)元素含量变化,在光释光定年与R型聚类分析基础上,探讨3万年来该区26种元素的地球化学行为特征及环境意义。结果表明:卤阳湖沉积物元素大致可分4类:第1类Si、Zr、Hf、Na,指示4.6ka B.P.后湖泊萎缩,外源沉积减少;第2类Ga、U、Sr,指示4.6ka B.P.和2.0ka B.P.前后的湖区干旱气候;第3类Cu、Hg、Mn、Mg,指示4.6ka B.P.后湖水咸度的增加;第4类Ti、Sb、Pb、V、Th、Co、Fe、Bi、Cs、Zn、Ni、Rb、Ga、K、Al,这15种元素指示湖水咸度与周边人为活动的增加。元素变化特征说明,卤阳湖在33~10.4ka B.P.之间,沉积环境稳定,全新世前期(10.4~4.6ka B.P.)湖水变淡,4.6ka B.P.后,外源沉积减少,湖水咸度升高,在2.0ka B.P.前后,湖泊干旱造成大量盐分生成,之后,虽气候转湿,但人为活动增加使湖泊快速走向衰亡。     

青藏高原爬坡沙丘地表沉积物特征分析——以柴达木盆地托拉海河为例

为了阐明青藏高原爬坡沙丘的物源及沉积学意义并揭示其形成机理,对托拉海河爬坡沙丘进行断面采样,分析爬坡沙丘不同地形部位的粒度与地球化学元素特征。结果表明,托拉海河爬坡沙丘地表沉积物的粒度组成总体以极细砂、细砂、中砂为主,粒度特征表现出明显的风成特点;不同地形部位,粒度特征呈现不同的递变规律,自河床到迎风坡顶粒径变粗,分选变好,迎风坡顶到背风坡,粒径粗细混杂,分选变差。沉积物地球化学元素组成以Si、Al、Ca为主,和上陆壳(UCC)相比,除Co、As、CaO、SiO2以外,其余元素都有一定的亏损,不同部位化学元素分布具有一定相似性,且常量氧化物之间有较好的相关性,表明其具有相似的沉积环境。A-CN-K图解及CIA值揭示了托拉海河爬坡沙丘地表沉积物化学风化处于较低程度,大部分化学元素没有显著的风化或迁移,整体属于早期去Na、Ca的阶段;A-CNK-FM图则表明整个断面Fe、Mg元素在空间分布上存在一定的差异,Fe、Mg流失主要是差异风力风选的结果。从化学风化指标来看,不同地形部位风化程度不同,河床风化程度最弱,山地迎风坡的风化程度最强;河床与河流阶地的物源呈现多样性,而迎风坡和背风坡物源较为单一,可能是古沙翻新和就地起沙。因此,初步认为托拉海河爬坡沙丘的形成经历了两个阶段:一是古沙丘形成阶段;二是现代爬坡沙丘形成阶段。在不同空间尺度上,托拉海河爬坡沙丘地表沉积物的理化特征差异与风动力和水动力的差异有关,反映出沉积物对风、水交互作用的响应。     

Contamination history of suspended river sediments accumulated in oxbow lakes over the last 25 years

Background, aims, and scope  Embankment of meandering river systems in many industrial areas results in the formation of artificial oxbow lakes that may act as perennial or intermittent traps for river sediments. Their deposits can be dated using a combination of historical and stratigraphic data, providing a good means to study historical records of contamination transported by rivers. Contamination history over the last few decades is of special significance for Central and Eastern Europe as it can reflect high pollutant levels in the second half of the twentieth century and the subsequent improvement after the fall of the Iron Curtain. The purpose of this study was to investigate recent sediments of an oxbow lake of the Morava River, Czech Republic, their stratigraphic records, sediment architecture, and history of contamination. Materials and methods  Seven ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles and three sediment cores up to 4 m deep were studied. The stratigraphy of the cores was inferred from visible-light spectrophotometry, X-ray radiography, grain size analysis, and semiquantitative modal analysis of sandy fractions. The sediments were dated using the ¹³⁷Cs mass activity and combinations of stratigraphic and historical data. The cores were sampled for concentrations of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. Wet sampled, lyophilized, and sieved sediments were extracted and analyzed for heavy metals by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) of aqua regia leachate and for persistent organic pollutants by gas chromatography (GC-ECD and GC-MS). Results  Three distinct sedimentary sequences (S1, S2, and S3) were identified. The basal sequence S1 represents river channel sediments deposited before the formation of the oxbow lake, most likely before the 1930s. The boundary between the S1 and S2 sequence correlates with the level of sediment dredging from 1981 evidenced from historical data. The overlying sequences S2 and S3 represent a postdredging sediment wedge, which progrades into the lake. ¹³⁷Cs dating revealed a distinct Chernobyl 1986 peak at ∼150 cm depth inferring sedimentation rates up to 7.7 cm/year. Sediment contamination abruptly increased from the pre-1930s deposits to the post-1981 deposits. The concentration levels increased two to five times for Pb, As, Zn, and Cu, about 10 to 15 times for Cr, Sb, and Hg, up to 34 times for Cd, and 25 to 67 times for DDTs, PCBs, and PAHs. The concentrations of most contaminants remained approximately constant until the late 1980s when they started to decrease slowly. The decreasing trends were most prominent for heavy metals and anthracene, less prominent for DDTs, and almost absent for PCBs and most PAHs. Discussion  Different temporal and spatial patterns for various contaminants make it possible to distinguish between anthropogenic point sources from local industry (anthracene, Cr, Cd), possible diffuse sources (most PAHs), and geological background (V, Co, Ni, and Mo). The observed recent trends in heavy metal and persistent organic pollutant contamination are generally consistent with data from other Central European rivers. The roughly balanced contamination levels in sediments from the lake and the adjacent river channel suggest that the oxbow lake deposits reflect immediate levels of the contamination bound to suspended particulate matter passing through the river. Conclusions  The investigated oxbow lake accumulated suspended sediment from Morava River, developing a thick sedimentary body. The sediments offer a good time framework to study historical contamination of the river on a decade time scale. Continuous contamination trends can be traced back to the early 1980s. The results show that stratigraphic analysis of cores has a good potential for identification of uninterrupted historical trends and unconformities, e.g., due to dredging. Recommendations and perspectives  Oxbow lakes may provide an alternative to floodplains and reservoir deposits when studying river contamination history. High sedimentation rates of up to 7.7 cm/year offer a very good stratigraphic resolution, making it possible to study contamination patterns on annual or even seasonal time scales. On the other hand, oxbow lakes may represent long-term contamination stores, which are unlikely to be redistributed by river erosion and, hence, may possess significant environmental risks for the farther future.     

青海湖流域生态环境问题及保护

青海湖流域寺地处青藏高原祁连山东南，高寒干旱，四面环山，植被良好，历来是青海省的优良天然牧场。但是，长期以来，由于受自然张近代人为不合理的社会经济活动的影响，致使本来就很弱的流域生态环境不断恶化，风沙侵蚀加剧，水质污染，湖水下降，草原退化，土地沙化，生产力下降，名鸟岛，名存实亡。     

竺山湾湖滨缓冲带生态工程综合效益评价——以江苏省宜兴市周铁镇为例

[目的]对江苏省竺山湾地区宜兴市周铁镇湖滨缓冲带生态工程的综合效益进行评价,定量分析生态工程建设的价值,为太湖及其他流域湖滨缓冲带生态工程建设效益评价提供借鉴和参考。[方法]在长期定点观测周铁镇竺山湾湖滨缓冲带生态工程建设和运行基础上,从生态、社会、经济3层面构建包括水质净化、涵养水源、保护生物多样性、大气调节、提供就业、科研教育、社会稳定、旅游休闲、提供水产品等内容的综合效益评价指标体系,运用成果参照法、影子工程法、旅行费用法、条件价值法、替代法、直接市场法等对各项指标价值进行评价。[结果]周铁镇湖滨缓冲带生态工程综合效益价值约为176.66万元/a,生态效益、社会效益、经济效益的价值分别为125.55,33.61和17.5万元/a,表现为:生态效益社会效益经济效益。单项指标价值对比发现,水质净化价值最大,达60.52万元/a,大气调节价值次之,为47.15万元/a。[结论]周铁镇湖滨缓冲带生态工程建设有效改善了湖泊水环境,生态效益最为显著,符合生态工程建设的生态效益优先原则。     

上海郊区河流沉积物N、P释放的初步研究

A laboratory study was conducted to observe the release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the sedimentsunder both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The samples used were five creek sediments and a fish-pondsediment (as a comparison) obtained from suburban Shanghai. High loads of nitrogen and phosphoruswere found in the creek sediments. Total nitrogen of the sediments ranged from 1.17 to 5.95 g kg^-1; totalphosphorus from 608.63 to 2 033.95 mg kg^-1. Making up more than 90% of the total nitrogen, organicnitrogen was the dominant nitrogen fraction in the sediments; where as inorganic phosphorus was the dominant phosphorus fraction, which made up more than 85 percent of the total phosphorus. Cabound phosphorus fraction dominated inorganic phosphorus, which occupied more than 50% of the total. A large amount of ammonium was released from the sediments under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and the anaerobic releases were slightly greater than the aerobic. In addition, ammonium contents in the aerobic waters decreased sharply after reaching the peaks because of strong nitrification, compared with the relatively maintained ammonium peaks in the anaerobic waters. Anaerobic phosphate releases were much greater than the aerobic and the released ortho-phosphate was mainly from Fe-bound phosphorus. Ammonium and ortho-phosphate releases from the sample of the dredged creek were the lowest, showing that creek dredging could effectively remove contaminants from the surface of sediments and weaken the release potentials of nitrogen and phosphorus. Ammonium and ortho-phosphate releases from the fish-pond sediment were greater than those from the creek sediments though its total nitrogen and phosphorus were not the highest, which was probably due to the larger amount of biologically degraded organic matter in the fish-pond sediment.