Colonization history and human translocations explain the population genetic structure of the noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) in Fennoscandia: Implications for the management of a critically endangered species

1. The noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) is an endangered freshwater species in Europe. The main threat is from lethal crayfish plague, caused by the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci that has been spread over Europe by introduced North American crayfish species, acting as chronic carriers of the disease.
2. Most of the remaining noble crayfish populations are found in the Baltic Sea area, and there is an urgent need to implement conservation actions to slow down or halt the extinction rate in this region. However, limited knowledge about the genetic structure of populations in this area has so far precluded the development of conservation strategies that take genetic aspects into consideration.
3. Key objectives of this large-scale genetic study, covering 77 locations mainly from northern Europe, were to describe the contemporary population genetic structure of the noble crayfish in the Fennoscandian peninsula (Sweden, Norway, and Finland), taking postglacial colonization history into account, and to evaluate how human activities such as stocking have affected the genetic structure of the populations.
4. Analyses of 15 microsatellite markers revealed three main genetic clusters corresponding to populations in northern, middle, and southern Fennoscandia, with measures of genetic diversity being markedly higher within populations in the southern cluster. The observed genetic structure probably mirrors two main colonizations of the Baltic Sea basin after the last glaciation period. At the same time, several deviations from this pattern were observed, reflecting past human translocations of noble crayfish.
5. The results are discussed in relation to the conservation and management of this critically endangered species. In particular, we recommend increased efforts to protect the few remaining noble crayfish populations in southern Fennoscandia and the use of genetic information when planning stocking activities, such as reintroductions following local extinctions.

     

南北湖渔业资源现状及开发途径的探讨

作者于１９９５年对位于杭州湾北岸海盐县境内的南北湖进行了周年浮生物种群组成调查及生物量季节变化的测定，由此估算出该湖食浮游生物及腐屑的鱼类增产潜力。鉴于南北湖是著名风景湖泊，在渔业上不宜采取投饵施肥方式增加鱼是疾病，但针对良料资源状况选择适宜品种，有节制地增殖放养某些经济鱼虾，不仅能     

鄱阳湖流域典型湿地植物需水规律研究

湿地植被需水量是维持湿地生态系统生态平衡和湿地植被正常生长,保障湿地系统生态功能正常发挥所需的水量。选取鄱阳湖流域8种典型湿地植物:藜蒿、菖蒲、美人蕉、茭白、高秆灯芯草、西伯利亚鸢尾、白莲、莲藕,于2013年在江西省灌溉试验中心站人工湿地试验场开展试验,分析了不同湿地植物全生育期需水量及其生育阶段和日变化规律,得到不同湿地植物的作物系数。结果表明,在湿地植物需水高峰期的5-10月,8种湿地植被日均需水量变化范围为4.3~6.1mm,其中菖蒲最高为6.1mm,白莲最低为4.3mm。经测定,湿地日均渗漏量为1.3mm;全生育期湿地植被需水量变化范围为800~1 125.6mm,是平均值的0.86倍至1.21倍;8种湿地植物全生育期作物系数变化范围为1.8~2.4,其中菖蒲最高为2.4,白莲和莲藕最低为1.8,而藜蒿、高杆灯芯草和西伯利亚鸢尾的全生育期作物系数为2.0左右,对照处理作物系数保持在1.7。本文研究结果为鄱阳湖流域不同湿地植物需水规律分析及其计算提供了依据。     

Insights into an undescribed high-elevation lake (6,170 m a.s.l.) on Volcán Llullaillaco: A physical and microbiological view

1. High elevation lakes are extreme ecosystems and serve as sentinels of various global changes.
2. An expedition to Volcán Llullaillaco in 1996 discovered an unstudied high-elevation lake (6,170 m a.s.l.) that probably was formed as a result of the past eruptive events or climatic processes such as glacial retreat in the lake basin.
3. This article describes an initial physical characterization of the lake and its microbial communities derived from two sampling expeditions in 2013 and 2016.
4. The microbial community in the lake, with an area between 1.2 and 1.4 ha and a depth of 6.8 m, was dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Haloarchaea. In addition, 26 bacterial isolates were identified within the genera Subtercola, Xylophilus, Rhodanobacter, Mesorhizobium and Pseudomonas.
5. Lago Llullaillaco is one of the highest recorded lakes in the world, and this study highlights the unique microbial diversity of this aquatic ecosystem and the importance of its preservation to understand the complex biological processes under polyextreme conditions.

     

水分状况及温度对长江漫滩沉积物温室气体排放的影响：以南京绿水湾湿地为例

为探究水文波动和气候变暖对河流漫滩温室气体排放的影响,选取南京长江绿水湾湿地漫滩表层0~15 cm沉积物为实验对象,利用三维荧光光谱（3D-EEMs）等技术,结合室内培养实验,研究了2种水分状况（淹水和半淹水）和4种温度（5、15、20、30℃）下二氧化碳（CO₂）、甲烷（CH₄）、氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放规律。结果表明：累积CO₂排放量随温度及水分含量升高而升高,温度敏感系数（Q₁₀）随温度升高而降低;淹水30℃处理下CO₂排放速率在培养25 d后受到抑制而逐渐下降。淹水CH₄累积排放量显著高于半淹水,且随温度升高而增加。淹水显著降低了沉积物净硝化速率,5℃半淹水N₂O累积排放量显著高于淹水,但30℃淹水N₂O累积排放显著高于半淹水。增温有利于加快淹水上覆水溶解性有机质（DOM）的腐殖化进程。研究表明,温度上升、水分含量增加均将导致沉积物排放的温室气体增温潜势（GWP）提高。     

空心菜对入星云湖河水的净化及其生物产出分析

为充分开发利用入星云湖河水的N、P等营养资源,降低其富营养化水平,改善和保护星云湖生态系统,于2010—2013年采用微区试验与大区试验相结合、静态试验与动态试验相结合的方法,研究了漂浮空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica)对入星云湖河水净化及其生物产出的规律。结果表明:漂浮空心菜对入湖河水具有较好的水质净化效应,静态条件下空心菜对入湖河水全N、水溶性P的去除率高达90%以上,动态条件下则达50%左右,空心菜吸收入湖河水N、P、K的量分别平均为348.4、50.9、530.4 kg·hm-2·a-1,且其绝大部分被空心菜的茎叶吸收(占93.0%,为864.5 kg·hm-2·a-1)。空心菜对入湖河水的净化量,以水溶性N计平均为27 321 m3·hm-2·a-1,以水溶性P计平均为67 569 m3·hm-2·a-1;空心菜的生长主要依赖入湖河水中N、P等营养物质(两者呈正相关),通过茎叶大量吸收并同化入湖河水中的N、P等养分后,空心菜获得了较高的茎叶生物产出量(占90.9%,鲜重量平均为112 032.0 kg·hm-2·a-1)。利用入星云湖河水漂浮种植空心菜,产生了明显的生态效益和经济效益。     

Amazon floodplain hydrology and implications for aquatic conservation

1. The amplitude, duration, frequency, and predictability of runoff and inundation of aquatic habitats are key hydrological characteristics linked to aquatic ecosystem functioning and biodiversity, but they are seldom integrated into analyses of Amazon floodplain ecology. Remote sensing approaches, measurements and modelling of floodplain hydrology provide a basis for this integration.
2. Effective legislation to protect floodplains and other wetlands depends on operational definitions that require application of hydrological data.
3. Extent and changes of flooded areas are linked to fish diversity and to presence and growth of flooded forests and floating plants.
4. Dam construction reduces river system connectivity and modifies the flood pulse, with major negative implications for floodplain ecosystems adapted to and dependent on a natural flood regime.
5. Trends and variability in climate plus deforestation are altering the Amazon's hydrological cycle, causing changes in discharge and flooded area with concomitant ecological impacts.

     

2008年持续低温降雪冻雨对梁子湖流域鸟类的影响调查

2008年1月,梁子湖流域遭遇历时罕见的持续低温降雪冻雨极端天气,304km~2梁子湖冰冻封湖15 d。地面持续冰雪覆盖,导致鸟类生境结构破坏,生境资源不可利用,最终因长时间食物匮乏和冷害的双重影响出现严重灾害性死亡。涉及鸟类22科42种,流域内数量损失30万～40万只。     

Soil and sediments listservers

Internet listservers, a freely available resource on the Internet for anyone who can send and receive emails, provide a means for professionals to communicate and collaborate with each other in the field of soils and sediments. While moderated listservers are highly effective, in terms of quality and participation (activity) level, do not underestimate the knowledge base held within many of the soil and sediment-related listservers. Readers are encouraged to subscribe to those lists which match their own areas of the soil and sediment fields and to become active. Currently, the only listservers dedicated to sediments are of very low activity, with the lowest numbers of subscribers of all listservers surveyed. As a word of caution, Internet listservers are not a primary source of knowledge (in any scientific field), the quality of knowledge exchanged is highly variable, and if not properly managed, can waste time.