白花败酱繁育技术初步研究

采用种子繁殖、扦插繁殖和分株繁殖试验对白花败酱的繁殖技术进行研究。结果表明：上述三种方式的繁殖效果均表现良好，其中分株繁殖苗成活率近100％，且长势良好，见效最快；老枝和嫩枝在大棚内和露地的扦插成活率均在80％以上；种子发芽率虽较低，播种繁殖仍是一种较好的方法。白花败酱适应性强，适于人工繁育栽培。     

Effects of coumestrol administration to maternal mice during pregnancy and lactation on immunoblogulin A‐secreting cells in mammary glands

Mortality and morbidity of neonates continue to be major problems in humans and animals, and immunoblogulin A (IgA) provides protection against microbial antigens at mucosal surfaces. The present study was conducted to clarify the effects of coumestrol administration to maternal mice during pregnancy and lactation on IgA antibody‐secreting cells (ASC) in mammary glands in lactating mice. From 6.5 to 16.5 days post coitus and 1 to 13 days post partum (dpp), maternal mice were administered coumestrol at 200 μg/kg body weight/day. Coumestrol administration increased the number of IgA ASC and the messenger RNA expression of IgA C‐region and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 in mammary glands of maternal mice at 14 dpp, but coumestrol administration had no effect on the number of IgA ASC in the ileum. Coumestrol administration increased serum IgA concentration in maternal mice at 14 dpp, but IgA concentrations in serum, stomach contents, intestine and feces of neonatal mice were not affected by treatment. These results imply that coumestrol administration to maternal mice during pregnancy and lactation is effective in increasing the numbers of IgA ASC in mammary glands during lactation owing to the activated messenger RNA expressions of IgA C‐region and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 in mammary gland.     

自动化饲喂饲养模式下哺乳犊牛的饲养管理

犊牛是牧场发展的后备军,优质的犊牛培育是牧场可持续发展的有利保障之一。因此,科学的犊牛饲养管理措施和合理的犊牛饲养模式对于犊牛培育极其重要。通过对自动化饲喂饲养模式下哺乳犊牛的饲喂技术、管理措施以及疾病预防等方面进行综述,重点介绍初乳、饲喂计划、补饲、奶粉及开食料、饲喂标准、饲养环境、管理细节差异、疾病治疗方案等内容,以期对自动化饲喂饲养模式下的牧场提供参考。     

Impact of postovulatory food deprivation on the ova transport, hormonal profiles and metabolic changes in sows.

The effect of food deprivation on ova transport, hormonal profiles and metabolic changes was studied in 20 crossbred multiparous sows during their second oestrus after weaning. To determine the time of ovulation, transrectal ultrasonographic examination was performed. The sows were divided into 2 groups, one control group (C-group), which was fed according to Swedish standards, and one experimental group (E-group). The E-group sows were deprived of food from the first morning meal after ovulation until slaughter. Blood samples were collected every second hour from about 12 h before expected ovulation in the second oestrus after weaning until slaughter and were analysed for progesterone, prostaglandin F2 alpha-metabolite, insulin, glucose, free fatty acids and triglycerides. All sows were slaughtered approximately 48 h after ovulation and the genital tract was recovered. The isthmic part of the oviduct was divided into 3 equally long segments and flushed separately with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Uterine horns were also flushed with PBS. A significantly greater number of ova were found in the first and second part of the isthmus in the E-group (p = 0.05) while in the C-group most of the ova were found in the third part of the isthmus or the uterus (p = 0.01). The level of prostaglandin F2 alpha-metabolite was significantly higher in the E-group compared with the C-group. The concentration of progesterone increased in both groups after ovulation but there were no significant differences between the groups. The other blood parameters showed that the food-deprived sows were in a catabolic state. The 48 h period of fasting results, directly or indirectly in an delayed ova transport, which may be due to a delayed relaxation in the smooth circular muscle layer of the isthmus.     

母猪诱导发情及排卵效果研究

研究不同方法对母猪的诱导发情及排卵效果的影响。采用3种处理方法对母猪进行了诱导发情及排卵研究。结果表明,PMSG HCG组的诱导发情率与情期受胎率均极显著(P﹤0.01)高于三合激素组、显著(P﹤0.05)高于PMSG组,且PMSG组的诱导发情率与情期受胎率均显著(P﹤0.05)高于三合激素组;经PMSG HCG方法诱导发情处理的母猪,其发情高峰发生在注药后48～96h,母猪发情呈现明显的同期化;PMSG HCG方法处理母猪后,可以提高母猪的产仔数及活仔数,且对受胎率无影响;进一步观察母猪排卵及胚胎发育状况表明,PMSG HCG方法对母猪进行诱导发情及排卵并没有影响胚胎的质量,胚胎开始进入子宫的时间发生在母猪配种后60h以前,此时,胚胎处于4细胞期。说明采用促性腺激素对母猪的诱导发情效果要明显好于性腺激素,且采用适宜剂量的PMSG与HCG混合注射来诱导母猪发情及排卵是完全可行的。     

妊娠后期日粮中添加不同水平N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对母猪繁殖性能的影响

本试验研究了日粮中添加不同水平N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(N-carbamylglutamate,NCG)对妊娠后期母猪繁殖性能的影响,并对其作用机理进行初步探讨.选用妊娠80 d的长大母猪32头,随机分成4组(对照组和试验组1、2、3),每组8个重复.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加0.04％、0.08％、0.12％ NCG.母猪妊娠第110天采血分离血浆用于测定血浆游离氨基酸、NO、NOS、激素含量和血液生化指标.结果表明,母猪妊娠后期日粮中添加0.08％NCG比空白对照组窝产活仔数提高11.75％(10.75 vs.9.62,0.05＜P＜0.1),窝产活仔总质量提高13.23％(16.52 kg vs.14.59 kg,P＜0.05),窝产死胎数降低57.14％(0.75 vs.1.75,P＜0.05),降低了血浆尿素氮含量(P＜0.05),同时提高了血浆精氨酸、NO、生长激素、锌离子浓度(P＜0.05).日粮中添加0.04％和0.12％ NCG也改善了母猪部分繁殖性能.上述结果表明,母猪妊娠后期日粮中添加NCG提高了母猪的繁殖性能,其作用机制可能是NCG有效提高了母猪内源精氨酸的合成,改善了母猪子宫内环境和胎猪营养供给,保证了胎猪的存活和生长.     

贵州地区黑白花奶牛酮病的调查

通过人用血糖/血酮仪测试80头黑白花奶牛泌乳期血酮水平,分析血酮水平与胎次、泌乳月及日产奶量的关系,对贵州地区奶牛酮病作出初步调查研究.结果表明,贵州地区临床型奶牛酮病发病率为2.5%,亚临床型奶牛酮病发病率为12.5%;各胎次血酮水平无显著差异;第1泌乳月血酮水平显著高于第3以上泌乳月血酮水平;日产奶量在30kg以上时,血酮水平显著升高,奶牛处于亚临床型酮病状态.     

饲喂高亚油酸玉米对奶牛瘤胃发酵、产乳量和乳成分的影响

选用6头经产荷斯坦种乳牛分为对照和HLAC两组,以二乘反转法,研究了高亚油酸玉来(HLAC)对奶牛瘤胃发酵、产乳量和乳成分的影响。HLAC组用HLAC部分替换了对照组饲料中的普通玉米,两组日粮组成和营养成分基本相同。结果表明,HLAC的替换对瘤胃液氨氮浓度、挥发性脂肪酸浓度及其组成无显著影响(P>0.1),但纤毛虫总数显著增加(P>0.05)。两组牛干物采食量和乳量无显著差异,但HLAC组乳脂率有下降趋势(P>0.1)、乳脂肪中C18:2比例小幅提高、C18:1比例显著提高(P<0.05)、乳蛋白质率及其产量小幅增加、乳糖率和无脂固形物率及其产量显著提高(P<0.05)。以上结果显示:奶牛饲料中HLAC的使用可改善乳成分,并对瘤胃发酵产生一定影响。     

林木种子营养膜精量播种系统分析

从系统工程的角度分析研究了林木种子营养膜精量播种的全过程，提出营养膜精量播种技术的概念，并指出林木种子营养膜精量播种的实现是多学科，多领域共同努力，协同一致的结果。     

基于PSY的仔猪繁育环节经济损失系数的估算

目前中国母猪年生产力（PSY）水平与同期发达国家相比偏低,主要表现为仔猪断奶前死亡率高,对养猪业造成较大损失。为了解中国仔猪在繁育环节的经济损失情况,基于1980~2016年中国PSY数据,总结中国近37年PSY的波动趋势及原因,对仔猪繁育环节死亡仔猪带来的乳汁及教槽料损失进行估算。估算结果为：中国仔猪繁育环节乳汁的损失系数为3.47%~3.50%,2015年损失乳汁56.17万~77.71万t;教槽料损失系数为1.63%,2015年损失教槽料4.80万t。中国仔猪繁育环节的损失系数远高于发达国家,其中乳汁与教槽料损失系数均是PSY最高的丹麦的1.59倍,均是损失系数最低的爱尔兰的2倍多。仔猪繁育环节的损失系数与仔猪断奶前死亡率有关,教槽料的损失系数由于不同生猪养殖场饲养方式不同存在较大差异,所以,要提高养殖场管理水平,尤其要加强断奶前仔猪的保育,减少死亡率。