碧峰峡森林土壤性状研究

碧峰峡不仅是旅游景点,还是多学科研究的天然“实验室”,地处雅安亚热带区,原始森林植被保护完好,土壤垂直分布明显,地质现象复杂,也是大熊猫、金丝猴出没之地。经研究结果：土壤呈酸性,自然肥力高．经相关分析结果：土壤有机质含量和ＣＥＣ等有关理化特性的相关性,较物理性粘粒与ＣＥＣ间更加显著。     

用外翻肠囊法研究高钙条件下有机锰在肉仔鸡小肠中的吸收特点

本试验用外翻肠囊法研究高钙对肉仔鸡不同肠段(十二指肠、空肠和回肠)吸收不同形态锰的影响,以比较有机锰和无机锰在高钙条件下吸收特点的差异。采用单因子完全随机设计,培养液中添加的4种锰源分别为:硫酸锰、弱络合强度的蛋氨酸锰(Mn-MetE)、中等络合强度的氨基酸锰(Mn-AAA)和强络合强度的氨基酸锰(Mn-AAB)。为了扣除内源的影响,设置1个零添加锰水平处理。将40只31日龄AA肉公鸡随机分到以上5个组,每组8个重复,每个重复1只鸡,每只鸡的十二指肠、空肠和回肠分别作为相应肠段外翻肠囊的一个重复。结果表明:1)体外培养回肠肠囊对锰的吸收率显著高于十二指肠(P<0.01);2)回肠肠囊对强络合强度的Mn-AAB中锰的吸收率显著高于硫酸锰或中等络合强度的Mn-AAA(P<0.05)。本试验结果表明:在高钙条件下,络合形态的有机锰在体外培养的肉仔鸡肠囊中的吸收率显著高于无机形态的锰;强络合强度有机锰源中的锰能更强地抵抗小肠内的解离,比弱或中等络合强度的有机锰源更有利于锰的吸收。     

Influence of the physical and chemical properties of soil on the retention process of isoxaflutole and its two main derivatives

Isoxaflutole is a new pre‐emergence herbicide for use in maize and sugarcane. Its two main derivatives are a diketonitrile derivative, the 2‐cyano‐3‐cyclopropyl‐1‐(2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)propan‐1,3‐dione, named DKN, and a benzoic acid derivative, the 2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylbenzoic acid, named BA. The adsorption/desorption processes have never been studied for isoxaflutole (IFT) at high concentrations nor for BA, and the present work aimed at completing the knowledge of the behaviour of these three molecules in conditions close to those encountered in the context of agricultural use. The adsorption/desorption study was conducted on seven soils of different physical and chemical properties, using the batch equilibrium technique. During the experiments, IFT was chemically converted into DKN in a continuous manner. This reaction appeared to be dependent on the pH of the soil and was taken into account in the calculations of the adsorbed and desorbed amounts. The adsorption isotherms obtained were predominantly C‐shaped for IFT and DKN and S‐shaped for BA, but some differences appeared on a few soils. They fitted well the Freundlich equation, and the values of the Freundlich coefficient K_fa showed that, whatever the soil, IFT was more adsorbed than its two derivatives. The main parameter influencing the adsorption of IFT appeared to be the organic matter content, whereas this effect was not evident for DKN and BA. No correlation was found between the extent of adsorption and either clay content or pH of the soil, for the three molecules.     

新疆农田土壤有机质含量及组成特征

目前新疆农田土壤有机质含量在5．30～24．21g／kg之间，平均14．65g／kg，与第二次土壤普查相比，新疆农田土壤有机质含量呈上升趋势；胡敏素碳含量占到有机质碳量的53％～70％，平均61％，腐殖酸碳量只占39％。     

Weed:spring barley competition for applied nitrogen in pig slurry

Summary The experiments were carried out in the two spring barley fields of the organic six-course cattle:crop rotation at Foulumgaard, Denmark. The weed density was 300 and 1800 plants m⁻² respectively. Pig slurry was applied by hand in microplots by four methods: broadcasting followed by incorporation, or injected in bands to depths of 5, 10 or 15 cm. Spring barley and weeds were sampled separately six times during the tillering and elongation phase of the spring barley. The effect of application method on dry-matter (d.m.) production, nitrogen uptake and recovery of applied nitrogen in the spring barley and the weeds is reported. Slurry banding halved the weed d.m. and weed N uptake compared with broadcasting, irrespective of weed density. Weeds recovered up to 12% of the applied nitrogen, which made them a significant competitor when the slurry was broadcast and incorporated. Banding by direct injection reduced the slurry:soil contact and the weed:crop competition balance for applied nitrogen moved in favour of the crop. Thus, the crop recovery of applied nitrogen at the end of the sampling period was increased from approximately 45% for broadcast and incorporated to approximately 50% for injected slurry, and coincidental weed recovery was reduced to a maximum of 5%. As the nitrogen supply normally affects plant d.m. production, banding of slurry might well improve crop competitiveness and its tolerance to mechanical weed control.     

Comparison of an in vitro and a damping-off assay to test soils for suppressiveness to Pythium aphanidermatum

Testing of soil samples in greenhouse assays for suppressiveness to soilborne plant pathogens requires a considerable investment in time and effort as well as large numbers of soil samples. To make it possible to process large numbers of samples efficiently, we compared an in vitro growth assay with a damping-off assay using Pythium aphanidermatum as the test organism on tomato seedlings. The in vitro test compares the radial growth or relative growth of the fungus in soil to that in autoclaved soil and reflects suppressiveness of soils to the pathogen. We used soils from a field experiment that had been farmed either organically or conventionally and into which a cover crop (oats and vetch in mixture) had been incorporated 0, 10, 21, and 35 days previously. We obtained a significant, positive correlation between damping-off severities of tomato seedlings in damping-off assays and both relative and radial growth in vitro. In addition, radial and relative growth of P. aphanidermatum in the in vitro assay were positively correlated with several carbon and nitrogen variables measured for soil and incorporated debris. We did not find differences between the two farming systems for either growth measures of P. aphanidermatum or disease severities on tomato at different stages of cover crop decomposition. The in vitro assay shows potential for use with any fungus that exhibits rapid saprophytic growth, and is most suitable for routine application in suppressiveness testing.     

酸益(SI)在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用比较

选用杂种仔猪杜×(长×川白)24头,于28±2日龄断奶,以玉米-豆粕型日粮饲喂,进行为期30d的饲养试验,研究日粮中添加0.1%复合酸化剂-酸益SI、0.1%复合酸化剂FD和降低1.5%乳清粉用量对断奶仔猪生产性能、日粮酸和力及肠道大肠杆菌数的影响.结果表明,添加复合酸化剂-酸益(SI)可明显提高仔猪日增重,改善料肉比,大幅度降低腹泻率,降低乳清粉用量与饲料成本.其料肉比、日增重与使用进口产品FD差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

补铬对热应激蛋鸡肾上腺组织结构的影响

试验选择处于热应激条件下的192只35周龄新罗曼褐壳蛋鸡,随机分为6组,分别饲喂添加0.10,20,30,40,50 g/t含铬量为7.410mg/kg的葡萄糖耐量因子(GTF)的玉米—豆粕型基础日粮52d。试验结束时随机抽取试验鸡36只(每组6只),取肾上腺称重并制作切片,研究有机铬对热应激蛋鸡肾上腺组织结构的影响。结果试验组肾上腺重量较对照组略有增加;热应激时蛋鸡肾上腺的肾间组织比例增大,肾间组织和嗜铬组织的细胞均有结构受损的现象;补铬使肾间组织比例减小,嗜铬细胞增多,细胞结构完好。     

The effect of sowing date, stale seedbed, row width and mechanical weed control on weeds and yields of organic winter wheat

Three field experiments were carried out in organically grown winter wheat in Denmark. The treatments were sowing time (normal or late sowing) and false seedbed, row width (12 and 24 cm) and weed control method [untreated; mechanical weed control (weed harrowing at 12 cm supplemented with inter‐row hoeing at 24 cm); and herbicide weed control]. Weed biomass in midsummer was greatest on plots sown at the normal sowing time (compared with delayed sowing) and was reduced by mechanical or chemical weed control (compared with untreated plots). Row width alone had no influence on weed biomass, but in the experiment with high weed pressure, the more intensive mechanical weed control used at a row width of 24 cm reduced weed biomass. Normal sowing time tended to give higher yields, but this was only statistically significant in one of the three experiments. Wide rows gave a yield decrease in the experiment with low weed pressure. The effect of weed control on yield was dependent on the weed pressure. At low weed pressure, mechanical weed control caused a yield decrease compared with untreated or herbicide treated. At intermediate weed levels there were no differences, whereas at high weed pressure, mechanical weed control and herbicide treatment caused a yield increase compared with untreated. False seedbeds were shown to contribute to a decrease in the soil seed reserve.     

不同能量摄入水平对围产期奶牛生产性能及血浆瘦素浓度影响的研究

将健康的围产期奶牛30头随机分为3组, 每组10头。其中Ⅱ组为对照组, Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组分别为试验组。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组均于产前28d开始分别饲喂NRC标准减少20%日粮(能量摄入80%组)、NRC标准日粮(能量摄入100%组)、NRC标准增加20%日粮(能量摄入120%组), 产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准日粮, 至产后56d结束。观察妊娠后期奶牛不同能量水平对干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳成分及体重等生产性能和血浆瘦素浓度的影响。试验结果表明: 奶牛产后干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳中蛋白质、乳脂率和非固体物质为Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组、Ⅱ组又高于Ⅲ组(P>0 05 ); 同时血浆瘦素浓度为Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组、Ⅱ组又高于Ⅲ组, 经统计分析组间差异极显著(P<0 01) 或差异显著(P<0 05); 但产前28~14d瘦素浓度组间差异均不显著(P>0 05 ), 此后Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组差异显著(P<0 05 )。此外, Ⅰ组体重消耗最小, Ⅲ组体重消耗最大, 各组间差异极显著(P<0 01)。可见, 围产期健康奶牛不同能量水平与干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳成分、体重等生产性能及血浆瘦素浓度之间存在着密切的关系。