Approaching a Standardized Method for the Hot-Water Extraction of Peat Material to Determine Labile SOM in Organic Soils

Peatland soils are the most effective and important long-term terrestrial carbon (C) storages. To estimate potential C loss, a valid characterization of soil decomposability, in particular the labile fraction, is of great interest. One of the most labile fractions is hot-water-extractable organic matter (HWOM), often measured as hot-water-extractable carbon (C_hwe) and nitrogen (N_hwe). Various studies describe different extraction procedures for mineral soils. Because of methodical differences, it is difficult to compare extracted HWOM amounts directly to each other. For peatland soils, few studies exist. The aim of the present study is the development of a standardized method for the hot-water extraction of peat materials. Therefore, we extracted HWOM in various replicates from different peats on the basis of a standardized extraction method for mineral soils (1 h extraction at 100 °C). We tested how differences in soil/water ratios, extract treatment (filtering vs. not filtering), and sample pretreatment (freeze drying vs. air drying) influence HWOM amounts. The results clearly illustrated the influence of changing soil/water ratios on HWOM amounts. Mean C_hwe concentrations ranged between 8 and 34 g kg^?1 whereas N_hwe ranged between 0.2 and 2.6 g kg^?1. We recommend the extraction under soil/water ratios of 1/800 to provide sufficient volume of solvent for C_hwe. If relative differences for N_hwe amounts are greater than 15 percent, samples should be extracted again under soil/water ratios greater than 1/300 to avoid analytical errors due to unintended dilution effects. Filtering of centrifuged and decanted extracts before analysis is not necessary. Peat material should be either air dried or freeze dried before extraction.     

不同封育年限草地土壤有机质组分及其碳库管理指数

土壤有机质对草地封育的生态效应具有重要指示作用,本文结合野外调查和室内分析,研究了半干旱区不同封育年限草地土壤有机质组分及其碳库管理指数变化,以分析土壤有机质对草地封育的响应特征,从而为该区土壤质量的改善和植被建设的生态效应评价提供依据。研究结果表明,土壤有机质及不同活性有机质含量均随土层加深而降低,且在各土层基本表现出封育18年、封育23年封育13年未封育封育3年的趋势。除封育3年土壤的3种活性有机质碳库管理指数在090cm土壤剖面均低于100外,封育13年草地060cm土层、封育18和23年草地090cm土层的3种活性有机质碳库管理指数均高于100,表明随年限的延长,封育对土壤有机质的改善深度也在加深。土壤3种活性有机质与有机质及多数土壤性质呈极显著正相关,能更为灵敏和直观地表征土壤管理的长期效应和土壤质量变化。     

In vitro inhibition of ETEC K88 adhesion by pea hulls and of LT enterotoxin binding by faba bean hulls

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) expressing K88 (F4) adhesins are associated with post‐weaning diarrhoea in piglets. Different grain fractions from pea (Pisum sativum) and faba bean (Vicia faba) were tested in vitro for their capacity to counteract aetiological factors, which contribute to the development of diarrhoea. In detail, adhesion of E. coli O149:K91:K88ac (ETEC K88ac) to grain legume products, intended to impair the colonization of the host, was studied as well as interference with receptor binding of the pathogen’s heat‐labile enterotoxin LT, intended to reduce toxin‐inflicted gut cell damage. When comparing different pea and faba bean products tested for their binding capacity of ETEC K88ac, especially pea hulls, but also whole pea meal, starch‐enriched and protein‐enriched pea meal, and digestion‐resistant pea hull and meal fractions showed a higher binding of ETEC K88ac than faba bean products. In contrast to the ETEC K88ac adhesion results, bean hulls proved more effective than pea hulls in preventing GM1 receptor binding of LT. Previous small intestinal segment perfusion experiments we performed with ETEC K88ac‐challenged piglets indicated that both pea and bean hulls have the potential for successful application in diarrhoea prophylaxis and treatment, which is in agreement with and refined by our detection of their different modes of functioning.     

短期氮磷添加对荒漠草原土壤活性有机碳的影响

以干旱、半干旱地区荒漠草原土壤为研究对象,研究氮(N)、磷(P)添加对荒漠草原0~30 cm土层土壤溶解性有机碳、微生物生物量碳和易氧化有机碳含量及有效率、土壤碳库管理指数(CPMI)、敏感指数(SI)的影响,探讨N、P添加后土壤溶解性有机碳、微生物生物量碳和易氧化有机碳对碳库管理指数的表征作用。结果表明,N添加、P添加或NP共同添加对荒漠草原0~20 cm土壤溶解性有机碳的累积有显著促进作用,但对0~20 cm土壤微生物生物量碳无显著影响。NP共同添加显著增加0~10 cm土层土壤易氧化有机碳。0~30 cm土层N、P添加的土壤溶解性有机碳的各项敏感指数均高于易氧化有机碳,说明土壤溶解性有机碳对短期N、P添加反应最敏感,因此可作为荒漠草原短期N、P添加对土壤有机碳变化的指示物。短期N、P添加能提高碳库管理指数,增加土壤有机质含量,促进荒漠草原土壤恢复。     

水土保持措施对红壤缓坡地土壤活性有机碳及酶活性的影响

基于植物篱和稻草覆盖控制红壤坡耕地水土流失的长期定位试验,以花生常规等高种植为对照(CK),研究红壤缓坡地香根草篱(H)、稻草覆盖(M)、稻草覆盖+香根草篱(HM)3种水保措施下旱、雨季土壤活性有机碳含量及土壤酶活性变化特征,探讨不同水保措施对土壤活性有机碳含量及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明∶(1)稻草覆盖、香根草篱处理均能显著提高土壤微生物生物量碳含量(p0.05),其中稻草覆盖和香根草篱相结合效果最佳,且在旱季提升效果优于雨季;而稻草覆盖是提高土壤可溶性有机碳含量的主要影响因素;(2)稻草覆盖和稻草覆盖+香根草篱2种水土保持措施均能显著提高雨季土壤酶活性(p0.05),其中稻草覆盖起决定作用;各水土保持措施对旱季土壤酶活性的影响较小。(3)相关性分析表明,土壤β-葡(萄)糖苷酶和纤维素酶活性与土壤活性有机碳含量呈现良好的相关性(p0.05),对于评价红壤缓坡地水土保持措施土壤环境质量功能、指导实际生产等方面具有重要意义。     

土壤磷酸酶活性及其与有机磷组分的相关性

为探讨土壤磷有效性管理的措施,该文对北京八达岭地区9种林分类型下土壤的磷酸酶活性、有机磷组分以及二者之间的关系进行了系统研究。结果表明:土壤磷酸酶的类型以酸性磷酸酶为主。表层0～5cm土层的磷酸酶活性显著高于5～25cm和25～45cm土层的磷酸酶活性,且与土壤有机碳、氮有显著的相关性。土壤有机磷有明显的表聚性,在全磷中的比例为15.51%～17.48%。在土壤有机磷组分中,以中活性有机磷含量最高,其次为活性有机磷,而高稳性有机磷的含量最低。活性有机磷与中活性有机磷含量的相关性显著。磷酸酶活性与有机磷含量有密切的关系,无论是酸性磷酸酶还是碱性磷酸酶,都与活性有机磷、中活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷以及土壤有效磷含量有极显著的相关性。增加土壤有机质,诱导磷酸酶的产生,是提高土壤有效磷含量的途径。     

长期施肥和秸秆覆盖土壤活性有机质及碳库管理指数变化

【目的】研究长期施肥和秸秆覆盖对土壤活性有机质和碳库管理指数的影响,为渭北旱塬区秸秆覆盖模式的完善提供理论依据。 【方法】长期定位试验于1981年开始,布设于陕西省合阳县,设空白对照（CK）、氮磷肥配施（NP）、氮磷有机肥配施（NPM）、氮磷肥配施+秸秆覆盖（NP+FG）、氮磷有机肥配施+秸秆覆盖（NPM+FG）5个处理,测定28年后土壤有机质、不同活性组分有机质含量及土壤养分含量、酶活性,研究长期施肥和秸秆覆盖对土壤活性有机质、碳库管理指数的影响及其与土壤酶活性、养分含量的相关关系。 【结果】1）NP处理较CK处理显著提高了土壤高活性有机质含量48.7%,对其他活性组分影响不显著;NPM处理土壤总有机质含量提高了120.0%,高、中、低活性有机质含量分别提高了137.4%、136.3%和93.4%。2）以CK为参考土壤,NP处理土壤高活性、中活性和活性碳库管理指数分别提高了54.66、17.93和2.65;NPM处理分别提高了139.28、140.92和83.59。NP+FG处理土壤高、中、低活性碳库管理指数较NP处理分别提高75.01、191.43和122.90;NPM+FG处理较NPM处理分别提高了58.93、121.35和93.43。3）高活性有机质、高活性碳库管理指数与转化酶呈极显著相关,中、低活性碳库管理指数与转化酶呈显著相关。 【结论】NPM处理显著提高了土壤高、中、活性碳库管理指数;施肥基础上秸秆覆盖进一步提高了土壤的碳库管理指数,在氮磷肥配施基础上进行秸秆覆盖对碳库管理指数的提升作用大于氮磷有机肥配施基础上秸秆覆盖的作用;活性有机质与总有机质相比,更能反映土壤酶活性的变化,有机质的活性越高,对指示酶活性和土壤质量的变化越敏感。在渭北旱塬区,氮磷肥基础上秸秆覆盖表现出显著提高土壤碳库管理指数和培肥的优势。     

柑橘/大球盖菇间作对三峡库区紫色土活性有机碳库的影响

分析柑橘园间作大球盖菇模式对紫色土活性有机碳库的影响,以期为土壤碳循环及缓解气候变化的研究提供基础数据和理论依据。通过在紫色土柑橘园中间作大球盖菇,对比分析密植间作(HD)、正常间作(TC)、稀疏间作(SP)和裸地对照(BT)及辅料对照(ST)等5组处理对紫色土柑橘园上下层(0~10 cm,30~50 cm)土壤中总有机碳(TOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)及土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)等指标的影响。在大球盖菇整个生长期中,柑橘/大球盖菇间作密度显著影响上、下层土壤中活性有机碳(DOC、ROC、LFOC、SMBC)的含量,且上层(0~10 cm)土壤中总有机碳和活性有机碳的含量显著高于下层(30~50 cm)土壤。此外,各处理在不同土壤层次中对不同活性有机碳组分的影响存在显著性差异,其中在上层(0~10 cm)土壤中,密植间作(HD)处理中活性有机碳(DOC、ROC、LFOC及SMBC)含量显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),而在下层(30~50 cm)土壤中,稀疏间作(SP)处理中可溶性有机碳(DOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)及微生物量碳(SMBC)的含量均高于其他处理(P<0.05)。柑橘/大球盖菇间作系统中,间作密度与总有机碳(TOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)存在显著负相关关系,与可溶性有机碳(DOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)存在极显著负相关关系,且不同活性有机碳组分间存在显著或极显著正相关关系。柑橘/大球盖菇间作能够显著提高上层(0~10 cm)土壤中碳库管理指数,却不利于下层(30~50 cm)土壤碳的累积。柑橘/大球盖菇间作在一定程度上能够提高紫色土土壤中活性有机碳的形成和累积,增加紫色土土壤碳储量。     

玉米-大豆轮作中耕作方式和磷肥施用对土壤磷组分冬季变化特征的影响

Determining how agricultural management practices affect soil phosphorus(P) over the winter may further our understanding of the soil P cycle under specific environmental conditions in eastern Canada. This study assessed changes over winter for soil P fractions and other selected chemical properties as affected by tillage and P fertilization. In 1992, a long-term corn(Zea mays L.) and soybean(Glycine max L.) rotational experiment was established in the province of Quebec, Canada. Soil samples(0–15 cm) were collected in fall 2001 and 2007 after a soybean harvest, and in the following spring 2002 and 2008 before corn seeding, in main plots under moldboard plow and no-till managements and selected subplots fertilized with 0, 17.5, or 35 kg P ha-1and 160 kg N ha-1. Soil samples were analyzed for P fractions and other chemical properties to assess changes over winter for 2001–2002 and 2007–2008. Changes over winter of all soil P fractions were significant for the two periods, indicating the occurrence of soil P transformation and movement over winter. The Mehlich-3-extractable Fe, Al, Ca, and Mg decreased during the two studied periods. Tillage had no significant effect on all soil P fractions. The resin-extractable P in 2001–2002 and Na HCO3-extractable inorganic P and Na OH-extractable organic P during the two winters were significantly increased under P fertilization. This study demonstrated that P in cultivated soils changed during winter as a result of changes in labile P fractions possibly due to the solubilization of residual fertilizer P combined with environmental factors.     

退耕植茶对川西低山丘陵区土壤有机碳库的影响

【目的】土壤有机碳库能够有效地表征土壤的固碳容量,研究川西低山丘陵典型退耕植茶区土壤有机碳库的变化对认识退耕植茶地在生态恢复过程中土壤质量的演变及其效果评价具有重要意义。【方法】以雅安市名山区中峰乡不同退耕年限的茶园（2-3年、9-10年、16-17年）为研究对象,选取邻近耕地为对照,分析退耕植茶对土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳和非活性有机碳质量分数、密度的影响,并对土壤碳库管理指数进行计算,分析土壤有机碳库、碳库管理指数与退耕年限的关系。【结果】退耕植茶地土壤总有机碳质量分数呈先降低后升高的趋势,与对照相比,退耕植茶16年后,0-10 cm、10-20 cm和20-40 cm土层有机碳质量分数分别增加了5.67%、5.67%和0.78%,土壤总有机碳密度亦在该年限显著增加。退耕植茶地土壤活性有机碳质量分数显著增加,平均增幅是总有机碳的23倍,土壤活性有机碳密度在0-40 cm土层的增幅表现为退耕植茶16-17年（平均182.26%）＞9-10年（平均177.74%）＞2-3年（平均132.74%）。0-10 cm和0-20 cm土层土壤活性有机碳密度分别占0-40 cm剖面的30%和50%以上。退耕植茶地土壤非活性有机碳质量分数及密度的变化趋势与总有机碳较为一致。与对照相比,退耕植茶2-3年土壤活性有机碳有效率最高,且表现出一定的表聚现象,但差异不显著,表明活性有机碳的有效率对土层的变化不敏感。随着退耕植茶年限的延长,土壤碳库管理指数先下降后上升,但均显著高于对照,且在退耕植茶16-17年达到最大值。0-10 cm和20-40 cm土层土壤碳库管理指数较大,说明表层和深层碳库均具有一定的固碳效应,且退耕植茶对表层碳库的影响尤为明显。【结论】随着退耕植茶年限的延长,土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳和非活性有机碳的质量分数均有所增加。退耕植茶16年后,土壤0-40 cm剖面上总有机碳、活性有机碳及非活性有机碳密度均显著高于对照,0-10 cm土层有机碳累积效果最佳。土壤活性有机碳的有效率在退耕植茶后显著增加,碳库管理指数在退耕植茶16-17年0-10 cm土层上最高,表明退耕植茶工程增强了土壤的碳汇效应,土壤质量向着良性方向发展。