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41.
This paper deals with the design of modelling tools suitable for investigating the consequences of alternative policies on the dynamics of resources and fisheries, such as the evaluation of marine protected areas (MPA). We first review the numerous models that have been developed for this purpose, and compare them from several standpoints: population modelling, exploitation modelling and management measure modelling. We then present a generic fisheries simulation model, Integration of Spatial Information for FISHeries simulation (ISIS‐Fish). This spatially explicit model allows quantitative policy screening for fisheries with mixed‐species harvests. It may be used to investigate the effects of combined management scenarios including a variety of policies: total allowable catch (TAC), licenses, gear restrictions, MPA, etc. Fisher's response to management may be accounted for by means of decision rules conditioned on population and exploitation parameters. An application to a simple example illustrates the relevance of this kind of tool for policy screening, particularly in the case of mixed fisheries. Finally, the reviewed models and ISIS‐Fish are discussed and confronted in the light of the underlying assumptions and model objectives. In the light of this discussion, we identify desirable features for fisheries simulation models aimed at policy evaluation, and particularly MPA evaluation. 相似文献
42.
厦门贝类养殖区沉积物中重金属的污染水平及其潜在生态危害 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
根据2005年4月和10月厦门贝类养殖区环境调查资料,着重对贝类养殖区表层沉积物中重金属的含量水平进行分析,并对贝类养殖区的表层沉积物进行质量评价及潜在生态危害评价.结果表明:厦门贝类养殖区沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg、As的平均含量分别为20.0mg.kg-1,39.5mg.kg-1,0.07mg.kg-1,97.3mg.kg-1,0.05mg.kg-1,7.20mg.kg-1.其中同安湾北部和湾顶养殖区及西海域的杏林、东山养殖区,6种元素的含量均较高;位于同安湾的刘五店、澳头养殖区,含量均较低.沉积物质量评价结果表明,贝类养殖区沉积物中重金属的含量符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准,属于较清洁水平.Hg、As和Cd的潜在生态危害系数大于Cu、Pb、Zn,整个养殖区沉积物中重金属为轻微生态危害,养殖环境良好. 相似文献
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Daniel C Dunn Caroline Jablonicky Guillermo O Crespo Douglas J McCauley David A Kroodsma Kristina Boerder Kristina M Gjerde Patrick N Halpin 《Fish and Fisheries》2018,19(4):729-739
Between 1950 and 1989, marine fisheries catch in the open‐ocean and deep‐sea beyond 200 nautical miles from shore increased by a factor of more than 10. While high seas catches have since plateaued, fishing effort continues to increase linearly. The combination of increasing effort and illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing has led to overfishing of target stocks and declines in biodiversity. To improve management, there have been numerous calls to increase monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS). However, MCS has been unevenly implemented, undermining efforts to sustainably use high seas and straddling stocks and protect associated species and ecosystems. The United Nations General Assembly is currently negotiating a new international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). The new treaty offers an excellent opportunity to address discrepancies in how MCS is applied across regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs). This paper identifies ways that automatic identification system (AIS) data can inform MCS on the high seas and thereby enhance conservation and management of biodiversity beyond national jurisdictions. AIS data can be used to (i) identify gaps in governance to underpin the importance of a holistic scope for the new agreement; (ii) monitor area‐based management tools; and (iii) increase the capacity of countries and RFMOs to manage via the technology transfer. Any new BBNJ treaty should emphasize MCS and the role of electronic monitoring including the use of AIS data, as well as government–industry–civil society partnerships to ensure critically important technology transfer and capacity building. 相似文献
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缺水地区城市河流有流域规模小、季节性断流、生态功能弱、景观效果差等特征和问题,使得其健康评价不同于其他地区城市河流健康评价。为了拓展针对缺水地区城市河流的健康评价方法、理论和实践,丰富缺水城市水系管理、河流生态修复的理论基础,本文以太原市九条城市河流为研究对象,从水文水质、河流形态、生物、社会经济等4方面选取13个指标构建适用于缺水城市的河流健康指标体系,采用层次分析法和集对分析法进行评价。结果表明:九条河流均在过去5年里经历过大规模改造,各河流健康状态较为接近,其中,北排洪渠处于健康状态,风峪沙河处于不健康状态,其余7条河流处于亚健康状态;各河社会经济方面均处于健康状态,生物状况、河流形态多处于亚健康状态,水文水质多处于亚健康和不健康状态。评价结果较好地符合现实情况,水文状况较差是目前的主要问题。当前在河道尺度上开展生态补水是改善河流健康状态的主要手段和可行措施,而实施水源涵养、水资源优化配置、河道近自然恢复、海绵城市建设等流域综合治理修复是维持河流生态健康的治本之策。 相似文献
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沂蒙山区不同强降雨下土壤的氮素流失特征分析 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
为探讨不同自然强降雨氮素流失特征,实地观测沂蒙山区孟良崮小流域2010年汛期的降雨与径流过程,选取暴雨(汛期首场强降雨)、大雨(土壤水分相对饱和强降雨)和大暴雨(年最大雨强降雨)3场不同典型强降雨,分析降雨径流及氮素流失特征。结果表明,在首场暴雨条件下,除颗粒态氮外,其他形态氮含量在整个降雨过程中均呈现增加趋势;在大雨过程中,总氮含量在径流峰值前达到峰值,溶解态氮和硝态氮含量在径流峰值后达到峰值,并趋于稳定;在大暴雨条件下,总氮和颗粒态氮含量在径流峰值前浓度陡增到最大后迅速降低。总氮与颗粒态氮的流量加权质量浓度表现为大雨<暴雨<大暴雨,溶解态氮流失浓度百分比介于49.9265%~85.292%,且硝态氮在溶解态氮中占主导地位。不同形态氮和泥沙的平均流失率随着降雨强度的增强而增加,均表现为大暴雨>暴雨>大雨。该研究为沂蒙山区小流域水环境保护和非点源污染治理提供依据。 相似文献
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阐述了农业产业链、产业集群对农民增收的作用。以河南省黄淮4市为实例,分析了粮食主产区农业产业链、产业集群未形成的主要原因,提出了粮食主产区培育粮食产业集群的对策。 相似文献
50.
YANG Hui CAO Jianhua ZHANG Liankai HOU Yanlin MAO Lifeng Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Institute of Karst Geology of CAGS Guilin Guangxi China Environmental Management College of China Qinhuangdao Hebei China International Culture College of Capital Normal University Beijing China 《东北农业大学学报(英文版)》2011,18(1):39-45
The three-pool and first-order model separates the mineralizable organic carbon into active,slow,and passive carbon pools.This paper used the model and decomposition curves of the soil organic carbon to fit the active pool and its decomposition rate,slow pool and its decomposition rate.The results showed that the size of the active pool from different profiles accounted for 2.09%-3.08% of the total soil organic carbon and the mean residue time was 3.57-17.21 days.And the size of the slow pool accounted for ... 相似文献