急尖长苞冷杉叶光合特性及营养元素对海拔的响应

以滇西北玉龙雪山急尖长苞冷杉为研究对象,研究其叶光合特性及营养元素累积对不同海拔高度的适应性变化规律。结果表明：在海拔3550 m,急尖长苞冷杉叶的瞬时最大净光合速率（P_n）、光合氮利用效率（PNUE）和长期氮利用效率（NUE）均达到最大值;碳同位素组分（δ¹³C）值随着海拔的升高呈现先降低后增加的趋势,在3700 m海拔点处于最高水平;单位叶面积C、N、P含量也在该海拔点增至最大;同时气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（E）以及胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）都降至最低水平。海拔3550 m处是最适宜急尖长苞冷杉的生长区域;低于海拔3550 m的环境对其生长无显著抑制作用,但其光合作用强度及叶营养元素水平、氮利用效率等均处于中间水平;而高于海拔3550 m环境对其生长发育有限制作用,但同时可促使急尖长苞冷杉调节自身营养代谢分配及提高其用水效率等来应对高海拔的恶劣环境。     

Stable isotope analysis to quantify contributions of supplementary feed in Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (GIFT strain) aquaculture

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is currently one of the most farmed freshwater fish and contributes significantly to total global aquaculture production. The genetically improved strain of O. niloticus (GIFT) was introduced to Papua New Guinea (PNG) in 1999 to improve food and income security. The high cost and low availability of commercial fish feed hinder the growth of GIFT farming in PNG. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were used to determine the role of supplementary and natural food sources in the diet of GIFT in pond‐based aquaculture. Two treatments were used: treatment 1 was daily feeding, and treatment 2 was weekly feeding, each with three replicates. Isotopic analysis of muscle tissue and all potential food sources showed that pellet feed contributed 7% to the growth of GIFT in daily‐fed ponds and 33% in the weekly‐fed ponds. Highly enriched δ¹⁵N values for chicken manure, compared to depleted values for GIFT and other natural food sources in both treatments, clearly indicate insignificant contributions of this input to production. After 90 days of cultivation, the average final body weight of GIFT receiving daily feed inputs was 134 g (average 19 cm), while for weekly‐fed it was 92 g (17 cm). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was poor (6.4:1) in the daily‐fed GIFT ponds compared to a better, and preferable, FCR (1:1) in the weekly‐fed ponds. The findings of this study show that pelleted feed was not the major contributor to the growth of GIFT. Genetically improved farmed tilapia aquaculture should focus on enhancing natural food availability for fish production.     

柘林湾海洋牧场不同功能区食物网结构

海洋牧场是由多个功能区组成的生态系统工程,不同功能区的生态环境和食物网结构各不相同,通过研究不同功能区食物网结构有助于了解功能区之间生态系统差异。实验通过对南澳柘林湾海洋牧场渔业资源环境调查,利用碳氮稳定同位素技术对海洋牧场不同功能区食物网结构进行比较,并借助SIBER对稳定同位素数据进行分析。结果显示,海洋牧场调查共采获生物种类78种,其中,消费者的δ~(13)C比值介于–19.94‰~–13.62‰,δ~(15)N比值介于8.78‰~15.29‰,营养级范围介于1.73~3.64。不同功能区同位素数据对比表明,人工鱼礁区生物资源相对丰富,食物网结构较为复杂;海藻增殖区中生物生态位分布最广,营养冗余程度较高;贝类增殖区生物生态位较窄,营养级分布较为集中。在不同功能区生态系统稳定性对比中,人工鱼礁区生态系统稳定性最佳,海藻增殖区生态系统稳定性较差。     

甘肃梨园河流域地下水来源及其水化学特征

通过分析水化学与氢氧稳定同位素的关系,研究梨园河流域地下水的补给机理和水化学演化规律。地下水总溶解固体（TDS）自西南向东北递增,最大值为1 258 mg/L。沿流程方向,深层地下水的水化学类型由Ca-HCO₃→Ca-Mg-HCO₃、Mg-SO₄→Na-SO₄型。浅层地下水的水化学类型由Ca-HCO₃→Mg-HCO₃-SO₄→Mg-SO₄型。地表水的水化学类型无分异,主要为Ca-HCO₃型。深层和浅层地下水沿途均发生了水岩融滤作用。Na⁺含量沿程增大,一是地下水中Ca²⁺与岩石中Na⁺发生阳离子交换作用,二是硅酸盐矿物的风化作用产生Na+。Phreeqc软件模拟显示,深层地下水中方解石先沉淀后溶解;CO₂、石膏、白云石和岩盐溶解。浅层地下水中,方解石由不饱和逐渐变为饱和;石膏、岩盐一直溶解。地下水的δ²H和δ¹⁸O值大部分位于大气降水线上方,反应了山区现代降水或雪冰融水通过出山地表径流补给,交替更新快,且深层地下水向上补给浅层地下水和地表水。地表、地下水相互转化是该区水循环的主要特征。     

稳定碳、氮同位素在牛肉加工过程中的分馏效应

为了探究牛肉及副产物中稳定碳、氮同位素在加工过程中的变化规律,确证稳定碳、氮同位素在牛肉加工制品产地溯源中的稳定性和有效性。本试验通过对牛肉进行不同时间的水煮、烤制和油炸3种处理,其中水煮和烤制加工时间分别为5、10、15、20、25和30 min,油炸加工时间分别为1、2、3、4和5 min;采用元素分析仪-稳定同位素比率质谱仪(EA-IRMS)测定脱脂牛肉、粗脂肪及副产物中δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值。结果表明,脱脂牛肉中δ¹³C值在水煮、烤制和油炸3种加工方式不同加工时间之间均无显著差异,水煮和烤制后粗脂肪中δ¹³C值无显著变化,油炸后的牛肉粗脂肪δ¹³C值主要受植物油的影响,加工方式及加工时间对其无显著影响;水煮脱脂牛肉δ¹⁵N值在加工25、30 min时与对照组牛肉存在显著差异,但平均差值仅为0.3‰～0.9‰。牛肉稳定碳、氮同位素在不同加工过程中分馏效应较小,可有效用于牛肉加工半成品及成品的原产地溯源。     

南海北部冬季和夏季浮游哲水蚤类群落

在2015年夏季和冬季开展了南海北部海域不同粒级浮游动物生物量和氮稳定同位素特征的研究。按照浮游动物粒径大小将其分成3个类群,即小型浮游动物(180~380 μm)、中型浮游动物(380~500 μm)和大型浮游动物(>500 μm)。结果显示浮游动物生物量和氮稳定同位素空间分布差异明显,高值区多分布于珠江口、东沙群岛和台湾海峡南部海域。浮游动物氮稳定同位素δ¹⁵N值出现显著的季节和粒径结构差异,其中夏季δ¹⁵N平均值高于冬季,以小型浮游动物尤为明显(P < 0.01)。各粒级浮游动物δ¹⁵N值随粒径增大而增加。小型和中型浮游动物δ¹⁵N值与浮游动物生物量有显著的相关性,而大型浮游动物与浮游动物生物量则关系不明显。

     

南海北部冬季和夏季浮游哲水蚤类群落

在2015年夏季和冬季开展了南海北部海域不同粒级浮游动物碳稳定同位素特征的研究。按照浮游动物粒径大小将其分成3个类群：小型(180~380 μm)、中型(380~500 μm)和大型(>500 μm)。研究结果表明,浮游动物δ¹³C值空间分布差异明显,夏季浮游动物δ¹³C值变化范围为–24.19~ –19.57,小型和中型浮游动物δ¹³C值的高值均分布在研究海域南部;冬季浮游动物δ¹³C值变化范围为–23.89~ –19.69,空间分布特征与夏季相反。浮游动物δ¹³C值未表现出显著的季节和粒径结构差异。各粒级浮游动物δ¹³C值与叶绿素a平均浓度的对数值均呈显著的正相关,而与浮游动物生物量相关性不明显。     

喀斯特石漠化过程中土壤氮同位素组成及其空间分异特征

对喀斯特高原区贵州省清镇市王家寨峰丛洼地同一流域内不同类型石漠化、不同等级石漠化以及不同干扰方式石漠化表层土壤全氮的同位素组成及其空间分异特征进行了研究。结果表明：流域内黄壤区样地的表土全氮δ15N值主要分布在＋0.35‰～＋6.82‰之间,平均值为＋4.50‰;黑色石灰土区样地的表土全氮δ15N值主要分布在＋2.70...     

Impacts of anthropogenic N additions on nitrogen mineralization from plant litter in exotic annual grasslands

Urban regions of southern California receive up to 45 kg N ha^-1 y^-1 from nitrogen (N) deposition. A field decomposition study was done using ¹⁵N-labelled litter of the widespread exotic annual grass Bromus diandrus to determine whether elevated soil N is strictly from N deposition or whether N mineralization rates from litter are also increased under N deposition. Tissue N and lignin concentrations, which are inversely related in field sites with high and low N deposition, determine the rate at which N moves from plant litter to soil and becomes available to plants. The effect of soil N on N movement from litter to soil was tested by placing litter on high and low N soil in a factorial experiment with two levels of litter N and two levels of soil N. The litter quality changes associated with N deposition resulted in faster rates of N cycling from litter to soil. Concentrations of litter-derived N in total N, NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, microbial N and organic N were all higher from high N/low lignin litter than from low N/high lignin litter. Litter contributed more N to soil NH₄⁺ and microbial N in high N than low N soil. At the end of the study, N mineralized from high N litter on high N soil accounted for 46% of soil NH₄⁺ and 11% of soil NO₃⁻, compared to 35% of soil NH₄⁺ and 6% of soil NO₃⁻ from low N litter on low N soil. The study showed that in high N deposition areas, elevated inorganic soil N concentrations at the end of the summer N deposition season are a result of N mineralized from plant litter as well as from N deposition.     

植物逆境生理研究进展

综述了植物对干旱、冷害、冻害、热害、涝害、盐胁迫和CO₂胁迫等不良环境因子的生理反应机制。对应用于植物逆境生理研究的叶绿素荧光、气体交换、碳同位素分辨率和糖类化合物含量等参数的生理意义进行了阐述。