发展节水型灌溉农业的研究

石羊河流域水资源缺乏,并时空分布不均,供需矛盾突出,严重威胁着流域下游民勤盆地沙漠绿洲的生存。本文根据观测试验资料,分析了甘肃石羊河流域内灌溉用水紧缺的原因。认为流域水管理的中心内容是合理运用水资源,即实行限额灌溉、建立综合性节水灌溉体系,促进流域内生态平衡。以春小麦为例,讨论了限额灌溉、储水灌溉和水费的合理征收问题。论述了地膜栽培、调整农业结构、渠系防渗衬砌、小畦灌溉等技术措施在节水中的作用。     

阜新县节水农业分区研究

针对阜新县水资源紧缺的现状，在综合分析全县气候、土壤、水资源现状、农业种植制度和经济发展水平等因素的基础上，对阜新县节水型农业分区进行了研究，为确保分区指标的科学性、系统性，采用模糊数学聚类分析方法，探讨节水农业的地域分布规律，进行节水农业分区，以阜新县为例对因地制宜地发展东北半干旱地区的节水农业分区进行有益的探索。     

压砂地西瓜不同补灌技术筛选研究

通过不同的补灌方式对压砂地西瓜进行了补水技术研究,结果表明,补灌技术对西瓜纵径和横径具有相同的影响效果,灌水定额和灌水方式对西瓜产量影响显著,灌水定额较灌水方式更为显著,而灌水次数无显著影响。三因素三水平的最优组合为滴灌方式、灌水定额为90 m3/hm2、灌水次数为4次。     

An economist's perspective on irrigation performance assessment: With examples from large scale irrigation in Morocco

This paper accepts that assessing the performance of irrigated agriculture is difficult because being multi-dimensional it requires a multi-disciplinary approach. Public irrigation schemes may have a number of often competing objectives and are assessed by interest groups with differing values and perspectives. A wide range of performance indicators are thus required. Some of these and the complex inter-relationships that may exist in the system are illustrated.     

地下水作用下微咸水灌溉对土壤及作物的影响

随着微咸水灌溉面积逐年增加,不合理的灌溉对土壤环境造成了不同程度的污染。该文采用大型蒸渗仪研究不同地下水埋深条件下微咸水灌溉夏玉米对土壤-作物系统环境因子的影响。研究结果表明：在地下水水位低于3 m地区进行微咸水灌溉,0～100 cm的土层内不会形成严重的积盐现象。当灌水水质为4 g/L时,灌水水质对土壤盐分环境的影响大于地下水埋深对其的影响。地下水埋深越深,夏玉米叶面积指数、株高及产量越小,且随灌溉水盐分水平的增加而减小,地下水埋深对夏玉米形态指标的影响大于盐分水平对其的影响。     

高产条件下日光温室越冬茬黄瓜适宜滴灌量研究

为了明确京郊日光温室越冬茬黄瓜高产栽培所需的适宜滴灌量,以黄瓜"津优35"为试材,研究了不同滴灌量对黄瓜灌溉水分配、产量、品质、水分利用效率和经济效益的影响.结果表明:85％农户常规灌溉量处理较对照节水50.8 m m,深层渗漏量减少42.6％,黄瓜产量提高3.6 t/h m2,可溶性糖含量提高17.3％,硝酸盐含量降...     

A simulation of water allocation policies in times of water shortage

The use of a simulation package to study the consequences of various water allocation policies during time of water shortage is described. The study shows that simulation can be a valuable aid to irrigation scheme managers in their decision making.     

Irrigation scheduling strategies for cotton to cope with water scarcity in the Fergana Valley, Central Asia

The Central Asian countries face high water scarcity due to aridity and desertification but excess water is often applied to the main irrigated crops. This over-irrigation contributes to aggravate water scarcity problems. Improved water saving irrigation is therefore required, mainly through appropriate irrigation scheduling. To provide for it, after being previously calibrated and validated for cotton in the Fergana region, the irrigation scheduling simulation model ISAREG was explored to simulate improved irrigation scheduling alternatives. Results show that using the present irrigation scheduling a large part of the applied water, averaging 20%, percolates out of the root zone. Several irrigation strategies were analyzed, including full irrigation and various levels of deficit irrigation. The analysis focused a three-year period when experiments for calibration and validation of the model were carried out, and a longer period of 33 years that provided for an analysis considering the probabilities of the demand for irrigation water. The first concerned a wet period while the second includes a variety of climatic demand conditions that provided for analyzing alternative schedules for average, high and very high climatic demand. Results have shown the importance of the groundwater contribution, mainly when deficit irrigation is applied. Analyzing several deficit irrigation strategies through the respective potential water saving, relative yield losses, water productivity and economic water productivity, it could be concluded that relative mild deficits may be adopted. Contrarily, the adoption of high water deficit that produce high water savings would lead to yield losses that may be economically not acceptable.     

膜上灌对河西绿洲灌区玉米全生育期土壤贮水量的影响

[目的]研究干旱条件下膜上灌对玉米地土壤贮水量的影响。[方法]以当地主栽玉米品种为试材,以露地畦灌为对照,采用不同宽度地膜覆盖进行膜上灌,通过对比分析研究了不同土层及不同生育期土壤贮水量的变化。[结果]0～120cm土层,处理Ⅰ（膜上灌处理覆膜宽度为0．75m）的土壤贮水量比播前降低了24．6％,处理Ⅱ（膜上灌处理覆膜宽度为1．25m）的土壤贮水量比播前降低了25．1％,对照的土壤贮水量比播前降低了33％。各生育期膜上灌处理和对照0～40cm土层的土壤贮水量低于40～80和80—120cm土层。40～80cm土层的土壤贮水量介于0～40和80～120cm．抽雄开花期,处理Ⅰ和Ⅱ的0～40cm土层的土壤贮水量分别比对照增加了7％和10．5％。在玉米成熟期,膜上灌处理的土壤贮水量高于对照。[结论]该研究为中国西部地区的灌溉农业的发展提供了理论支持.     

基于弹道理论有风条件下折射式喷头喷灌均匀度研究

为计算有风条件下折射式喷头水量分布及喷灌均匀度,以弹道轨迹理论为基础,依据风速分布模型,建立有风条件下折射式单喷头水量分布计算方法,采用该方法模拟出有风条件下Nelson D3000型喷头倒挂安装方式下水量分布特性,通过与实测资料进行对比,验证了模拟具有较高的准确度,可应用于有风条件下折射式喷头水量分布计算。在此基础上,选用4.76 mm(24号)喷嘴直径,模拟出不工况下单喷头水量分布,计算出组合情况下喷灌均匀度,分析了风速、风向、喷头间距、工作压力和安装高度5种因素对喷灌均匀度的影响,并对蒸发漂移损失进行了分析。结果表明:95%的置信区间下,喷头布置间距对喷灌均匀度的影响最显著,其次是安装高度和喷头工作压力,风速和风向对喷灌均匀度影响不显著。风速、喷头工作压力和安装高度都会对蒸发漂移损失产生影响,其中工作压力影响最大。当选用Nelson D3000型喷头在风速小于6 m/s的环境下喷灌时,应将喷头安装间距固定在2.13~3.04 m范围内。另外,该安装间距范围内,喷头安装高度和喷灌压力增大后,喷灌均匀度增大的效果不明显,因此应采用低压喷灌以降低喷灌系统运行成本;考虑到较高的喷头安装高度会产生较大的蒸发漂移损失,喷灌时还应适当降低喷头安装高度,以提高喷灌水分利用率。