建设节水型农业的技术思路

目前,水资源短缺的问题已经成为制约我国经济社会发展的瓶颈.农业是用水大户而且用水浪费相当严重,因而建设节水型农业是解决水资源问题的当务之急.为此,就实现节水型农业提出了提高渠系水利用系数、采用节水灌溉方式和适宜的灌溉模式等技术思路.     

Evaluating the Impact of Irrigation and Drainage Policies on Agricultural Sustainability

Farmers in the Broadview Water District in central Californiahave been improving irrigation practices in response to risingirrigation water prices and reductions in water supply since1989, when incentive policies were first implemented to reducethe volume of subsurface drain water generated in theDistrict. The average salinity of water deliveries hasincreased, over time, as the District has recycled largeamounts of drainage water to achieve regional restrictions ondrainage water discharge. We review irrigation and drainageactivities in Broadview since 1986 with an emphasis on thesustainability of crop production when drainage discharge islimited. Average cotton yields in Broadview have declined inrecent years, both nominally and in comparison with averageyields reported for the large county in which Broadview islocated. Average tomato yields in Broadview have increased inrecent years, but county-wide yields have exceeded Broadviewyields with greater frequency than in the late 1980s. Theseobservations suggest that average crop yields in Broadview maybe starting to reflect the increasing salinity of soil andwater resources, which may be due in part to persistentrestrictions on drainage water discharge.     

应用水量平衡法确定波涌灌溉下土壤入渗参数

基于田间实测的地表水流推进过程 ,利用水量平衡法推求波涌灌溉间歇供水条件下的土壤入渗参数。在此基础上 ,利用地面灌溉模型模拟田间水流推进过程并与实测值作对比后发现 ,与单点入渗测试方法相比较 ,该法不仅具有较高的参数估值精度 ,还具备田间试验工作量相对较小、应用简便等特点 ,具有较好的实用价值。     

干旱缺水灌区节水灌溉评价标准及其分析

在分析节水灌溉定义内涵的基础上，提出了评价干旱缺水灌区农田节水灌溉的目标标准和技术标准，并对这些评价标准的运用进行了讨论。     

浅谈入世对我国节水灌溉设备发展的影响与应对措施

入世对我国节水灌溉设备的发展而言是风险与利益并存，挑战与机遇同在。本文分析了目前我国节水灌溉设备的现状，闸述了加入WTO对我国节水灌溉设备发展的影响，并提出应对措施。     

Using drainage systems for supplementary irrigation

The use of drainage systems for supplementary irrigation is widespread in The Netherlands. One of the operating policies is to raise the surface water level during the growing season in order to reduce drainage (water conservation) or to create subsurface irrigation. This type of operation is based on practical experience, which can be far from optimal.To obtain better founded operational water management rules a total soil water/surface water model was built. In a case study the effects of using the drainage system in a dual-purpose manner on the arable crop production were simulated with the model. Also, the operational rules for managing this type of dual-purpose drainage systems were derived.The average annual simulated increase in crop transpiration due to water conservation and water supply for subsurface irrigation are 6.0 and 5.4 mm.y^–1, respectively. This is equivalent with 520 × 10³ and 460 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for the pilot region (2 Dfl 1 US $). The corresponding investments and operational costs are 600 × 10³ Dfl and 9 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for water conservation and 3200 × 10³ Dfl and 128 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for subsurface irrigation. Hence, water conservation is economically very profitable, whereas subsurface irrigation is less attractive.Comparing the management according to the model with current practice in a water-board during 1983 and 1986 learned that benefits can increase with some 50 and 500 Dfl per ha per year, respectively.     

南方平原灌区渠道防渗工程规划方案决策分析

针对目前灌区防渗渠道规划的局限性，引入价值工程的概念，并根据南方平原地区灌区的特点，应用计算机模拟技术，通过对渠道的衬砌费用和节水量的模拟计算，得出更为切合实际的灌区防渗渠道投资效益评价指标，从而确定防渗工程的最优布局以及工程实施的先后顺序。     

冬小麦节水高效优化灌溉制度模型应用研究

根据霍泉灌区田间试验资料,考虑水分亏缺的后效性,以冠层叶面积指数修正后的作物-水模型作为目标函数,建立二雏动态规划模型,计算冬小麦节水高效优化灌溉制度。结果显示,该模型充分反映了灌水时间、灌水定额和灌溉水量产生的冬小麦的产量效应,所建模型和参数确定较合理,在实践中更有实用性。     

喷灌压力管网系统水力特性的模拟模型研究

本文从系统的观点出发，首先分析了水泵直接加压式喷灌压力管网系统的组成，继而运用图示模拟技术，着重研究探讨了计算各类水力单元直至全系统水力特性的模拟模型，并针对一个规模较大，地形较为复杂的坡地喷灌工程，具体介绍了运用该模型进行图示模拟计算的方法和步骤。计算结果表明，该模型能如实地反映喷灌压力管网系统的运行客观规律，从而为了解把握喷灌压力管网系统的水力特性提供了一种行之有效的实用计算方法。     

陈垓引黄灌区渠系优化配水研究

该文以系统工程的原理方法,结合山东省陈垓引黄灌区北二干渠系统实际情况,分别以灌溉净效益最大和轮灌时间最短为目标,建立了作物最优种植面积和渠系优化配水模型,应用计算机求解,取得了满意的作物优化布局和优化配水成果。实践证明,本项成果在节水、灌溉增产、提高灌区科学管理水平等方面都有着十分重要的作用。