园林喷灌工程的施工方法研究

对园林喷灌施工技术的强化，是保护绿地康健进步的有效途径和关键措施，同时，是促进我国资源节约形社会建设的客观要求，在实践的过程中，遵守喷灌技术是设计方的基本原则，为我国高速发展的园林绿地建设服务。     

自动折叠喷洒臂的设计及运动学特性

为了解决当前卷盘式喷灌机所配套的喷灌车自动化水平较低的问题,设计了一种基于电动缸驱动的自动折叠喷洒臂,并在喷洒臂之间连接处设计了一种当喷洒臂完全展开时能够实现自密封的端面密封铰链.基于喷洒臂完全折叠时收拢于车架两侧,完全伸展时铰链左右铰合密封等特征建立各杆件参数约束方程,确定了喷洒臂的各杆件尺寸.通过矢量方程法对喷洒臂进行运动学分析,以电动杆推杆的转角、位移、速度、加速度为输入量,各杆件的角位移、角速度、角加速度为输出量,通过Simulink搭建喷洒臂的运动仿真框图并进行分析.结果表明:完全折叠时,喷管1与水平方向呈90°夹角;伸展过程中,各喷管运动平稳,且始终保持在水平直线方向;完全展开时,3个喷管转动90°,且各喷管铰接处完全闭合不发生水泄漏现象,说明设计具有一定的合理性.     

基于EXCEL的作物灌水率图自动绘制与修正

在灌区的规划设计中,传统作物灌水率图的绘制一般都是手工方法,不仅效率低且修正起来很不方便,而且现有的灌水率图绘制软件一般存在着灌水率计算和灌水率图绘制相互独立、无法实时动态修正等不足.基此,综合利用EXCEL软件强大的数据处理、分析功能以及图形自动绘制功能,将灌水率计算与灌水率图绘制有机结合,从而实现灌水率图的快速绘制和动态调整.这种方法操作方便、简单,值得在工程设计部门推广使用.     

不同滴灌频率对大田覆膜小西瓜生长特性及品质的影响

在灌溉定额一定的情况下,研究了不同滴灌频率对大田膜下小西瓜在果实膨大期以及成熟期内有关特性的影响,以期为豫北平原地区大田膜下滴灌小西瓜生长中后期阶段确定最佳的滴灌频率。结果表明:不同灌溉频率对小西瓜生长过程中根粗、茎粗和蔓长的影响不是特别明显。从试验数据来看,以果实膨大期中频(T3),果实成熟期低频(T5)处理效果较好。此灌溉频率组合下不仅小西瓜长势好,而且甜度较大,省工省时又节水。     

Radiation interception and radiation use efficiency of potato affected by different N fertigation and irrigation regimes

Three years of field experiments were carried out to explore the response of potato dry matter production, accumulated intercepted photosynthetic active radiation (Aipar) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) to five N levels providing 0, 60, 100, 140 and 180 kg N ha⁻¹ and three drip irrigation strategies, which were full, deficit and none irrigation. Results showed that, irrespective of years, dry matter production and Aipar were increased by prolonged N fertigation, even though N fertigation was carried out from middle to late growing season. The highest total and tuber dry matter and accumulated radiation interception in all three years were obtained when potatoes were provided with 180 kg N ha⁻¹. RUE on the other hand was not affected by N regime. Thus, increases in total dry matter production with increasing N levels were essentially caused by higher Aipar. The strongest response to N fertilization occurred when most N was applied early in the growing season and the latest N fertilization should be applied no later than 41–50 days after emergence. Deficit irrigation, which received ca.70% of irrigation applied to full irrigation, did not reduce radiation interception and radiation use efficiency.     

西北旱区喷灌条件下紫花苜蓿生长特征与品质指标的关系

西北旱区由于独特的气候条件,生产的苜蓿干草品质好,产量高。如何根据苜蓿的田间指标估测干草品质参数,对于苜蓿草产品生产销售具有重要意义。研究在喷灌条件下不同灌溉量对紫花苜蓿的生长品质的影响,并利用生长指标对紫花苜蓿的品质进行预测。试验于2014至2015年于中国农业大学石羊河流域生态节水试验站进行为期2年的田间试验。试验共设3个灌溉处理:A₁灌溉量为100%紫花苜蓿蒸腾蒸散量(ETc),A₂,A₃的灌溉量分别为A₁处理的66%,33%,以及一个不灌溉处理A₄。结果表明,苜蓿生长指标如株高(H)和茎叶比(SLR)随生育期的推进呈上升趋势,而鲜干比(FDR)呈下降趋势;所有生长指标随着灌溉量的减少均呈下降趋势。在品质方面,随着生育期的推进,所有处理的粗蛋白(CP)呈下降趋势,而中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)则呈现上升趋势;随着灌溉量的降低,NDF与ADF呈下降趋势,而CP则呈上升趋势。各生长指标与品质指标的拟合结果表明,H和SLR均与各品质指标显著线性相关(P<0.001),且H与品质拟合结果相关系数最高(R²>0.900),而FDR则与各品质指标不显著。这些结果表明,在田间管理较好,长势良好,杂草与病虫害发生较少的情况下,可以用株高对苜蓿干草品质做出预测。     

农业绿色高效节水领域研究现状与思考

节水农业是水资源高效利用和农业可持续发展的重大问题，对于节约水资源具有极其重要的意义。为了解当前绿色农业高效节水领域的最新研究热点和发展趋势，本文梳理总结了我国现代化节水农业领域的基础背景、研究现状以及发展态势。结果表明，“灌溉设备与技术开发”、“农业用水精量调配与控制”、“作物高效用水机理”及“农业用水对环境变化的响应”等是近年来的研究热点，并建议开展水肥一体化智能技术与管理及其对作物、土壤、环境、社会等综合效应等的相关研究，以期为我国农业绿色高质量发展提供帮助。     

The priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap of summer maize in the north of Huang-Huai-Hai region,China

Understanding yield potential, yield gap and the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap in current intensive maize production is essential for meeting future food demand with the limited resources. In this study, we conducted field experiments using different planting modes, which were basic productivity(CK), farmer practice(FP), high yield and high efficiency(HH), and super high yield(SH), to estimate the yield gap. Different factorial experiments(fertilizer, planting density, hybrids, and irrigation) were also conducted to evaluate the priority of individual management factors for reducing the yield gap between the different planting modes. We found significant differences between the maize yields of different planting modes. The treatments of CK, FP, HH, and SH achieved 54.26, 58.76, 65.77, and 71.99% of the yield potential, respectively. The yield gaps between three pairs: CK and FP, FP and HH, and HH and SH, were 0.76, 1.23 and 0.85 t ha~(–1), respectively. By further analyzing the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap between FP and HH, as well as HH and SH, we found that the priorities of the management factors(contribution rates) were plant density(13.29%)fertilizer(11.95%)hybrids(8.19%)irrigation(4%) for FP to HH, and hybrids(8.94%)plant density(4.84%)fertilizer(1.91%) for HH to SH. Therefore, increasing the planting density of FP was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between FP and HH, while choosing hybrids with density and lodging tolerance was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between HH and SH.     

蔬菜高效水肥一体化灌溉技术的实践与发展建议

水肥管理是直接影响蔬菜稳产高产和品质提升的关键因素。总结了我国蔬菜高效灌溉的4种主要模式,介绍了不同种类蔬菜的高效灌溉模式,分析了我国蔬菜高效水肥一体化灌溉技术存在的问题,并提出了发展建议。     

调亏度及调亏历时对苜蓿生物量分配与水分利用效率的影响

本研究的目的在于探讨紫花苜蓿营养生长期调亏滴灌对其节水效果的影响,增加其产量的作用。在北京对分枝期苜蓿品种"皇冠"进行调亏程度和调亏历时对其生长的研究。结果发现,秋播苜蓿进行调亏灌溉应把握适当的调亏度,在调亏度达60%FC、调亏历时为14d时,土壤水分对苜蓿形成干旱胁迫;在调亏度达80%FC时,光合同化物更多向苜蓿地上部分配,同时适当增加调亏历时改变苜蓿根系形态可塑性,有利于其根系伸长生长,提高其水分利用效率。适当的将调亏度与调亏持续时间分别维持在80%FC左右和14~21d,更能实现北京地区苜蓿节水促生长的目的。