Long-term productivity growth and sustainability of Greek irrigated agriculture

The present study examines the long-term productivity growth and sustainability of Greek irrigated agriculture. A log linear trend model was used to measure long-term productivity growth, and the total factor productivity (TFP) approach measures the sustainability of the irrigated production system. A time series database of inputs and outputs data were used for the production period of 1961?–?2001 (41 years) which revealed that there is an increasing trend in the irrigated area of the country. The annual growth rate of the irrigated area is 2.6% during this time period. The long-term trends in yields of crops grown in irrigated agriculture are positive. Fertilizer use rate per ha sharply increases during this period. The productivity of irrigated Greek agriculture also increases over the time period as a result of the introduction of High Yielding Variety (HYV), seed, fertilizer and water technology. The measurement of TFP indices indicates that the long-term trend in productivity growth of irrigated Greek agricultural system is positive. The result implies that the irrigated Greek agricultural production system has long-term sustainability. The result also indicates that fertilizer, fixed capital, rainfall and temperature are positively contributing to the mean production of Greek irrigated agriculture. On the other hand, pesticide, labour and fixed capital reduces variability of irrigated agriculture. To this end, long-term agricultural sustainability depends on patterns of input use.     

Long‐term changes of aggregate‐associated and labile soil organic carbon and nitrogen after conversion from forest to grassland and cropland in northern Turkey

Soil management systems can have great effect on soil chemical, physical and biological properties. Conversion of forest to grassland and cropland can alter C and N dynamics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in aggregate‐associated and labile soil organic C and N fractions after conversion of a natural forest to grassland and cropland in northern Turkey. This experiment was conducted on plots subject to three different adjacent land uses (forest, grassland and cropland). Soil samples were taken from 0–5, 5–15 and 15–30 cm depths from each land use. Some soil physical (soil texture, bulk density), chemical (soil pH, soil organic matter, lime content, total organic C and N, inorganic N, free and protected organic C) and biological (microbial biomass C and N, mineralizable C and N) properties were measured. The highest and lowest bulk densities were observed in grassland (1.41 g cm⁻³) and cropland (1.14 g cm⁻³), respectively. Microbial biomass C and total organic C in forest were almost twice greater than grassland and four‐times greater than cropland. Cultivation of forest reduced total organic N, mineralizable N and microbial biomass N by half. The great portion of organic C was stored in macroaggregates (>250 µm) in all the three land uses. Free organic C comprised smaller portion of soil organic C in all the three land uses. Thus, this study indicated that long‐term conversion of forest to grassland and cropland significantly decreased microbial biomass C, mineralizable C and physically protected organic C and the decreases were the greatest in cropland. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

半干旱区微集水系统土壤水分调控效果研究

分析了定西市安定区以隔坡水平阶为主体的径流调控工程和梯田(对照)的土壤水分与植被生长状况及11a累积土壤水分水量平衡特征。结果表明,隔坡水平阶工程保存完好,产流区(25m²)年均产流0.3m³,产沙3.96kg,被蓄水区全部拦蓄,有效控制了水土流失,增加了水资源量,缓解了林草植被水分供应不足状况。2m土层含水量与植被生长成反比。梯田土壤含水率最高,但农作物受旱减产最大;隔坡水平阶产流区土壤含水率较低,紫花苜蓿减产较大,蓄水区土壤含水率最低,但侧柏林生长旺盛。隔坡水平阶(林草带状混交)年均蒸散量为428.6mm,较梯田高2.2mm。     

中国农田N2O排放通量原位观测研究的汇总分析

通过对已有文献资料的调研和整理,分析了1990--2008年间有关中国农田N2O排放通量田间原位观测的分布特征。结果表明,1990--2008年间中国农田N2O排放通量原位观测研究呈不断发展趋势,2002年后进入快速增加期。通量原位观测位点的空间分布不平衡,主要集中在长江中下游、华北和西南地区,东北、西北、华南地区观测位点较少;农田N2O排放通量原位观测在作物类型间差异明显,对稻田的研究占到数据组总数的36％,其次为小麦和玉米田,分别占24％和21％,紫云英田仅为0．2％。针对农田N2O排放通量原位观测研究的现状,建议今后需进一步关注西北和东北典型农田生态系统N2O排放观测研究;在测定大宗作物系统N2O排放的基础上,重点加强典型菜地N2O通量的原位观测;强调温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O的同步观测与同位素示踪等技术相结合,以寻求农业增产、增效与温室气体减排的系统机制与实现途径。     

滴灌苜蓿田间土壤水盐及苜蓿细根的空间分布

为了明确滴灌苜蓿土壤水、盐运移,细根分布及细根生物量动态,该文对苜蓿进行滴灌和漫灌试验,结果表明,漫灌水分集中在15 cm浅层土壤内且分布均匀,含水率在19.5%~20.5%之间。滴灌水分高值区集中在水平方向距滴头15 cm,深度为40 cm的土层中,含水率达到18.0%~20.0%。漫灌对0~25 cm深度土层盐分淋洗作用明显,土水比1:5土壤水提液的电导率由灌前的0.4~0.5 m S/cm下降到0.3 m S/cm以下;滴灌可使根区盐分下降至0.2 m S/cm,显著低于灌溉初始的盐分含量(P0.05)。与漫灌比较,滴灌苜蓿细根集中分布在水平方向距滴头0~30 cm,垂直深度0~50 cm范围内。生长季各时间节点滴灌细根总量高于漫灌,其平均值分别为211.6和198.3 g/m2。滴灌和漫灌各时间节点细根量表现出明显的波动,其范围分别在193.2~243.6和182.7~219.1 g/m2之间。在整个生长期内,滴灌活根量高于漫灌,且生长前期滴灌死根量变化较漫灌平稳。活细根和死细根之间的周转使得两者呈现出此消彼涨的状态,表明细根具有生长-凋亡-再生长的周期性。该研究可为滴灌技术在苜蓿栽培上的应用提供参考。     

河南省特定生态条件下小麦增产途径的研究

河南省小麦生育期间光热资源丰裕,但降雨分配不均。灌区小麦分蘖发展快,两极分化速度慢,籽粒灌浆期短,麦田耗水量大,影响产量的主要因子是亩穗数和千粒重。旱区小麦分蘖的第二盛期不明显,不孕小穗和退化小花数目多,籽粒灌浆期更短,麦田耗水量小,影响产量的主要因子是亩穗数和穗粒数。有效促控小麦群体发展,充分利用生态条件,把握着适宜于当地的小麦群体是两区稳取高产的基础;从实际出发,有针对性地解决或缓和导致穗重不稳的主要矛盾是确保两区小麦增产的关键。     

农田营造早竹林后土壤有机碳的变化

对农田营造早竹林后不同年限土壤有机碳变化规律的研究结果表明:(1)竹林3年生时,各层次土壤有机碳含量都呈现下降的趋势,其中表土层(0～30 cm)下降幅度最大;竹林满园后,由于采取了集约经营措施,竹林土壤有机碳含量迅速回升,至9年生时,各层次土壤有机碳含量都超过了农田相应层次水平,但是12年生时竹林各层次土壤有机碳含量又呈现下降趋势.(2)土壤有机碳密度变化和土壤有机碳含量相似,竹林3年生时各层土壤有机碳密度均呈现下降趋势;6年生时,除了0～30 cm土层继续下降外,其余各层次有机碳密度都增加;至9年生时,有机碳密度都超过相应农田各层土壤有机碳的密度;12年生时,各层土壤有机碳密度都呈现下降趋势.(3)3年生竹林土壤有机碳储量下降了近22%;以后土壤有机碳储量均逐渐增加,9年生竹林,土壤有机碳储量要超过农田土壤有机碳的储量;12年生时竹林有机碳储量下降,但是依然高于农田土壤有机碳的储量.     

中国农田N2O排放通量原位观测研究的汇总分析

通过对已有文献资料的调研和整理,分析了1990-2008年间有关中国农田N_2O排放通量田间原位观测的分布特征.结果表明,1990-2008年间中国农田N_2O排放通量原位观测研究呈不断发展趋势,2002年后进入快速增加期.通量原位观测位点的空间分布不平衡,主要集中在长江中下游、华北和西南地区,东北、西北、华南地区观测位点较少;农田N_2O排放通量原位观测在作物类型间差异明显,对稻田的研究占到数据组总数的36%,其次为小麦和玉米田.分别占24%和21%,紫云英田仅为0.2%.针对农田N_2O排放通量原位观测研究的现状,建议今后需进一步关注西北和东北典型农田生态系统N_2O排放观测研究;在测定大宗作物系统N_2O排放的基础上,重点加强典型菜地N_2O通量的原位观测;强调温室气体CO_2、CH_4,和N_2O的同步观测与同位素示踪等技术相结合,以寻求农业增产、增效与温室气体减排的系统机制与实现途径.