基于耕地承载力的十堰市畜禽养殖环境风险评价

【目的】十堰市是南水北调中线工程的核心水源区,全面认识畜禽养殖污染现状及其对耕地的潜在威胁,为加强畜禽粪便风险管控提供依据。【方法】运用畜禽粪便环境风险评价模型,对十堰市各县(区、市)2020年主要畜禽粪便来源结构进行定量分析,并从种养平衡视角对其环境风险进行综合评价。【结果】十堰市2020年主要畜禽养殖粪便猪粪当量达306.85×10⁴ t,且主要分布于郧阳区、丹江口市和房县,粪便中有机物的化学需氧量(COD)最大(57.00×10⁴ t),总氮(TN)(2.63×10⁴ t),总磷(TP)含量较少(0.65×10⁴ t)。十堰市畜禽养殖等标污染负荷总量为15.532×10¹⁰ m³,且在不同地区的来源结构差异明显,TP是畜禽养殖的首要污染物,其污染等标负荷占负荷总量的41.68%,其次为TN,污染负荷率为33.85%,COD的等标污染负荷率最小,为24.47%。养牛是十堰地区畜禽养殖面源污染的首要污染源,对等标污染负荷总量的贡献率达49.47%,其次为...     

深入践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”的生动实践——四川退耕还林工程建设20周年综述

今年是四川在全国率先实施退耕还林工程20周年。文章阐述了20年来工程建设历程和建设成效,归纳出六条"四川经验"。     

Research advances of SAR remote sensing for agriculture applications: A review

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an effective and important technique in monitoring crop and other agricultural targets because its quality does not depend on weather conditions. SAR is sensitive to the geometrical structures and dielectric properties of the targets and has a certain penetration ability to some agricultural targets. The capabilities of SAR for agriculture applications can be organized into three main categories: crop identification and crop planting area statistics, crop and cropland parameter extraction, and crop yield estimation. According to the above concepts, this paper systematically analyses the recent progresses, existing problems and future directions in SAR agricultural remote sensing. In recent years, with the remarkable progresses in SAR remote sensing systems, the available SAR data sources have been greatly enriched. The accuracies of the crop classification and parameter extraction by SAR data have been improved progressively. But the development of modern agriculture has put forwarded higher requirements for SAR remote sensing. For instance, the spatial resolution and revisiting cycle of the SAR sensors, the accuracy of crop classification, the whole phenological period monitoring of crop growth status, the soil moisture inversion under the condition of high vegetation coverage, the integrations of SAR remote sensing retrieval information with hydrological models and/or crop growth models, and so on, still need to be improved. In the future, the joint use of optical and SAR remote sensing data, the application of multi-band multi-dimensional SAR, the precise and high efficient modeling of electromagnetic scattering and parameter extraction of crop and farmland composite scene, the development of light and small SAR systems like those onboard unmanned aerial vehicles and their applications will be active research areas in agriculture remote sensing. This paper concludes that SAR remote sensing has great potential and will play a more significant role in the various fields of agricultural remote sensing.     

退耕还林工程监测与评价信息系统平台设计

针对退耕还林工程的特点和工程监测与评价的要求,以退耕还林工程区资源与环境信息为基础,遥感为实时信息获取手段,ARCGIS引擎为开发工具,VB、VC为开发语言,专家知识为纽带,构建退耕还林工程监测与评价信息系统,以实现对工程的实时监测、评估和监督,保证工程的顺利完成。     

秦岭南麓贫困山区经济与生态“双赢”互动模式研究

秦岭南麓贫困山区商南县自1999年实施退耕还林(草)工程以来,森林覆盖率达到52.7%,增加了1.5个百分点,林草覆盖率增加了4.6个百分点,但经济增长速度始终比较缓慢。为进一步了解退耕还林(草)工程对农村经济及退耕户带来的受益情况,以实地抽样调研为依据,通过对该县生态建设基本情况的深入调查,在初步掌握调查户普遍反映的主要问题基础上,依据该地区实际情况,提出了商南县生态与经济“双赢”互动模式,并对生态与经济互动途径提出了相关建议。     

玉米农田耕层现状、存在问题及合理耕层构建探讨

针对农田耕层现状及存在的问题,从耕层变薄犁底层增厚,有机质减少地力下降地表裸露水（风）蚀严重等3个方面,分析农田土壤退化及不合理耕层形成的原因,通过总结前人研究结果,明确耕层构造的概念及类型,结合笔者多年研究提出“苗带紧行间松”合理耕层的概念及建立合理耕层构造的重要意义,以期为东北黑土保育、持续高效耕作及确保国家粮食安全提供一定理论参考依据.     

佛山市南海区土壤地力变化趋势分析与对策

根据自1984年以来的土壤监测数据,系统分析了20年来南海土壤地力变化趋势。结果表明,该区土壤存在酸化、有机质含量下降、钾素增加、磷素极大丰富的特点,据此提出推广平衡施肥技术和水旱轮作制度等利用、改良土壤和培肥地力的建议,以期为南海区耕地资源的保护、管理及合理利用提供参考。     

黄土丘陵区撂荒农耕地土壤有效态微量元素演变特征

【目的】探索农耕地撂荒对土壤微量元素演变特征的影响,为该地区植被恢复中土壤质量评价和生态恢复的持续健康发展提供科学依据。【方法】以黄土丘陵区不同撂荒年限的坡耕地为研究对象,分析农耕地撂荒后不同坡向土壤4种有效态微量元素的变化趋势。【结果】黄土丘陵区坡耕地撂荒后,阴坡由于土壤温度较低,含水量较大,植被生长旺盛。有机碳、全氮、有效锰、有效铁、有效锌含量变化规律性较强,表现为在演替前期变化较小,而后期随撂荒年限的延长而显著增加,有效铜则随撂荒年限呈降低趋势。阳坡土壤有机碳、全氮及4种有效态微量元素含量则随年限呈波动变化。不同演替阶段土壤微量元素密度变化不同,阳坡土壤有效铁和有效锌密度在演替前10年明显高于阴坡,而在10年后显著低于阴坡;有效铜密度在前5年略低于阴坡,5年后明显高于阴坡。【结论】黄土丘陵区坡耕地撂荒20年后,虽然4种土壤有效态微量元素含量有所提高,但仍处于低或极低水平,因此黄土丘陵区通过自然演替来改善土壤微量元素状况还需要较长的时间。     

对渭北地区集雨灌溉的思考-以富平县底店乡“窖灌农业”示范区为例

合理高效地利用雨水资源对西北干旱半干旱地区尤其是地表水缺乏地下水不易利用地区的经济发展具有十分重要的意义。基于此,我们在陕西省“窖灌农业”试验示范基地对蓄水设施的修筑、运行、维护及水质、雨水利用现状等进行了调研和考察,指出了其存在的问题、解决措施及进一步发展的思路,为该地及整个渭北地区雨水集流灌溉的进一步发展提供指导和参考。     

Impacts of silicon on biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients in croplands

Crop harvesting and residue removal from croplands often result in imbalanced biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients in croplands, putting forward an austere challenge to sustainable agricultural production. As a beneficial element, silicon (Si) has multiple eco-physiological functions, which could help crops to acclimatize their unfavorable habitats. Although many studies have reported that the application of Si can alleviate multiple abiotic and biotic stresses and increase biomass accumulation, the effects of Si on carbon immobilization and nutrients uptake into plants in croplands have not yet been explored. This review focused on Si-associated regulation of plant carbon accumulation, lignin biosynthesis, and nutrients uptake, which are important for biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients in croplands. The tradeoff analysis indicates that the supply of bioavailable Si can enhance plant net photosynthetic rate and biomass carbon production (especially root biomass input to soil organic carbon pool), but reduce shoot lignin biosynthesis. Besides, the application of Si could improve uptake of most nutrients under deficient conditions, but restricts excess uptake when they are supplied in surplus amounts. Nevertheless, Si application to crops may enhance the uptake of nitrogen and iron when they are supplied in deficient to luxurious amounts, while potassium uptake enhanced by Si application is often involved in alleviating salt stress and inhibiting excess sodium uptake in plants. More importantly, the amount of Si accumulated in plant positively correlates with nutrients release during the decay of crop biomass, but negatively correlates with straw decomposability due to the reduced lignin synthesis. The Si-mediated plant growth and litter decomposition collectively suggest that Si cycling in croplands plays important roles in biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients. Hence, scientific Si management in croplands will be helpful for maintaining sustainable development of agriculture.