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61.
Field and pot studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of seven rice establishment techniques {puddling transplanting (PT), no tillage transplanting (NTT), puddling drum wet seeding (PDWS), no tillage drum wet seeding (NTDWS), conventional tillage dry drilling (CTDD), furrow irrigated raised beds system dry drilling (FIRBSDD), and no-tillage dry-drilling (NTDD)} and water submergence stress on weeds and rice yield. The highest yield and least weed abundance were in the PT treatment. The direct seeded rice (DSR), both dry and wet exhibited severe weed infestation, and compared to transplanting showed reduced yield both in the presence and absence of weeds. The yield losses due to weeds in the DSR treatments ranged from 91.4 to 99.0%, compared to 16.0 and 42.0% in the transplanting treatments (PT and NTT). Weeds, including Cyperus rotundus L., Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd., Digera arvensis Forsk., Phyllanthus niruri L., and Trianthema portulacastrum L. which were found in the un-puddled DSR treatments were absent in the puddled plots, particularly the PT treatments. In pot studies, continuous water-submergence (2.5 cm) for 20 days reduced the emergence of C. rotundus, D. aegyptium, T. portulacastrum, and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. by 99.4, 100, 100, and 24.4%, respectively, compared to alternate wetting–drying. In farmer's field studies, when compared to the PT treatments, the DSR treatments exhibited lower yields (15.8%) with coarse varieties (HKR-47 & IR-64), but fine cultivars (Sharbati & PB-1) exhibited similar yields under both systems. In view of the shortage of labour for manual transplanting, there is a need to develop suitable cultivars for aerobic system conditions (unpuddled DSR and NT machine-transplanting). 相似文献
62.
退耕还林工程建设对吴起县域植被碳储量的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用标准样地调查结合数据分析的方法研究了吴起县退耕还林工程实施后,人工林的含碳率、碳储量及空间分布特征,结果表明:吴起县9类退耕还林地植被层总碳密度由大到小的顺序为:柠条〉刺槐〉沙棘〉紫穗槐〉臭椿〉山杏〉山桃〉侧柏〉油松,均大于天然草地的总碳密度;吴起县退耕还林12年后植被的总碳储量为152.53万t,是退耕还林前1998年总碳储量的3.2倍,且其空间分布也发生了较大的转变。吴起县退耕还林地的平均碳密度值远低于我国及世界各地森林平均碳密度的一些估计值,各类林地生态系统的碳储量还有很大潜力空间。 相似文献
63.
Carbon and nitrogen are the most important elements in the terrestrial ecosystem. Studying carbon and nitrogen distributions in plant and soil is important for our understanding of the ecosystem dynamics and carbon cycle on arid lands. A study was conducted in a typical arid area, the Yanqi Basin, Northwest China. Carbon and nitrogen distributions in plant tissues and soil profiles were determined at 21 sites with typical native plants and crops. Our results indicated that carbon content was similar between crops and native plants, and the average carbon contents in aboveground (42.4%) and belowground (42.8%) tissues were almost the same. Average nitrogen contents in crops were nearly the same (~0.7%) in aboveground and belowground tissues whereas mean nitrogen content was approximately 100% higher in aboveground (2.2%) than in belowground (1.2%) tissues for native species. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in cropland (9.4 and 0.9 g kg^-1) were significantly higher than those in native land (6.2 and 0.7 g kg^-1). Multiple regression analyses indicated that carbon content in belowground tissue and nitrogen content in aboveground tissue were key factors connecting plant and soil in native land. However, there was no significant relationship for carbon or nitrogen between soil and crop, which might reflect human disturbance, such as plowing and applications of various organic materials. 相似文献
64.
从人口经济密度、乡村人口控制、生态适度人口与现实人口密度之比和农业人口比重等4个方面入手,分析了西部农村人口对资源环境的压力,认为由政府主导实施西部农村人口向江河湖库灌区收缩和分层次向农村城镇转移战略,是减轻西部资源环境压力和农村人口致富的最好方案。 相似文献
65.
在太原小店污灌区,采用田间试验,系统研究了污灌土壤中不同形态重金属Pb,Cr,Cd的含量和在1 m土壤中的垂直分布规律,以及玉米、小麦和大豆对Pb,Cr,Cd的吸收分布特性。结果表明,试验区土壤中全量Pb,Cr,Cb含量均为太原市环境背景值的2~5倍;Tessier法浸提态Pb,Cr,Cb含量均随土壤深度增加而逐渐减少,种植玉米、小麦和大豆对其分布规律没有影响;污灌土壤中Pb和Cr以残渣态为主,Cd以有机物结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主。 相似文献
66.
威宁县沙河小流域坡耕地土壤的养分特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为掌握威宁县沙河小流域坡耕地本底资料,为草海湿地保护提供数据支持,采用野外调查与室内分析相结合,研究沙河小流域坡耕地土壤养分含量及分布特征。结果表明:沙河小流域坡耕地全氮(0.06 g/kg)、水解氮(17.90 mg/kg)、全磷(0.02 g/kg)均处于国家六级水平;全钾(20.53 g/kg)、有效钾(512.96 mg/kg)分别处于国家二级和一级水平;有机质含量表现下部(23.32 g/kg)>中部(17.93 g/kg)>上部(14.41 g/kg),差异显著;氮、磷、钾及有机质之间存在着明显的相关性。结论:沙河小流域坡耕地养分含量低,水土流失严重。 相似文献
67.
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70.
Carbon Isotope Discrimination, Leaf Ash Content and Grain Yield in Bread and Durum Wheat Grown under Full-Irrigated Conditions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P. Monneveux M. P. Reynolds R. Trethowan J. Peña F. Zapata 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2004,190(6):389-394
Integrative physiological criteria, such as carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and (mineral) ash content (ma) have been found to be very useful, under drought conditions, to elucidate the association between yield gains and variation of photosynthesis‐related traits and orientate future breeding efforts. Information on this association is scarce under irrigated conditions. The relationships between Δ, ma and yield were studied in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) under optimal (drip) irrigation in the arid conditions of north‐west Mexico. Carbon isotope discrimination was analysed on leaves at booting stage and anthesis and on grain at maturity, whereas ash content was measured on the flag leaf at anthesis and maturity. At anthesis, there were differences between bread and durum wheat during grain filling for Δ, but not for ma. No relationship was found between grain yield and Δ. Leaf ash content at anthesis and maturity showed a broad variability within each species and were associated with grain yield. These results suggest that ash content in leaves could be also used as predictive criteria for yield not only under drought, but also under irrigated conditions, particularly when evaporative demand is high. 相似文献