Specific developmental stages of gametogenesis for radiosensitivity and mutagenesis in rice

Summary Developmental stages during gametogenesis of rice were histologically examined in the period from differentiation of reproductive organs to anthesis. Plants were exposed to acute X-rays of 20 Gy. Radiosensitivity and mutation frequency were investigated in relation to the developmental stages of reproductive organs. The most radiosensitive stage, as measured by reduction of the M1 pollen-and seed-fertilities, was the last premeiotic interphase. Mutations induced at different developmental stages were scored in M3 strains. Sterility mutants and short-culm mutants were most frequently observed. Grain shape, panicle morphology, heading-date and endosperm character mutants were induced at a relatively low frequency. The overall mutation frequency varied with the developmental stage at the time of irradiation. The highest overall mutation frequency was observed when radiation was applied 10 days before anthesis, the late tetrad stage of microspores. Radiation exposure of florets at the late tetrad stage was found to be a more efficient method of inducing a large number of mutations than radiations applied to seeds and fertilized egg cells.     

Radiation-Induced Nullisomy in Hordeum vulgare L.

A plant with drastically reduced vigour was observed in a population of diploid barley (Hordeum vulgare) raised from seeds exposed to gamma radiation. Cytological studies revealed that the plant was nullisomic with 2n = 12. At meiosis, regular formation of 6 bivalents was observed. The plant was totally sterile and produced neither stainable pollen nor seed.     

Effects of gamma irradiation on in vitro pollen germination of different Cucumis species

Summary Pollen grains of 14 Cucumis accessions were irradiated with 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 kGy acute gamma rays and germinated in vitro directly afterwards. Pollen germination was significantly reduced by increasing irradiation dose for all species, except C. melo var. agrestis. Pollen tube growth was generally reduced likewise. Pollen of two C. anguria subspecies was most sensitive to irradiation. Sensitivity of the pollen with respect to pollen tube growth in relation to irradiation dose was inversely related to total DNA amount per nucleus. In vitro germination was not related to DNA amount per nucleus. Results show that the examined Cucumis species, especially C. melo var. agrestis, are sufficiently resistant to irradiation to be used as donor species for in vivo egg cell transformation of the cucumber.     

Gamma Ray-Induced Field Tolerance to Phytophthora Blight in Sesame

Due to the non-availability of sources of resistance in Sri Lanka to Phytopbthora blight in sesame (Sesamum indicum) caused by Phytopbthora nicotianae var. parasitica, a mutation breeding programme was initiated. Seeds of three genotypes were subjected to six doses of gamma rays from 100 Gy to 750 Gy from a ⁶⁰Co source. Seeds of M₂ bulks, sampled by variety and treatment from the first five capsules formed on M₁ plants, were grown in a field with a history of repeated incidence of the disease. The best 21 lines, having the highest survival and seed production, identified in the screening of M₃ and M₄ progeny rows of selected M₂ single plants were then tested in a replicated field trial with the recommended cultivar ‘MI 3’ as a control. The plant survival in selected lines averaged 43.3 percent as against 7.2 percent in the recommended variety. Eight selections recorded significantly higher seed yield than ‘MI 3’ at P < 0.01 and another three at P < 0.05. Gamma ray treatments of 450 Gy and 600 Gy produced more lines tolerant to the disease than the other doses used.     

Mutant induction through adventitious buds of Kohleria

Summary Freshly cut leaves of Kohleria eriantha and K. x Longwood were exposed to a wide range of gamma irradiation doses and allowed to root and form adventitious buds. K. Eriantha could not be successfully propagated from leaf half cuttings. Longwood produced a small number of adventitious plantlets as compared to other Gesneriads. Colchicine treatments reduced leaf half survival in Longwood by more than 50%. Leaf halves exposed to low and moderate doses of gamma irradiation showed increased overall plantlet production compared to nonirradiated leaf halves.Of the mutation parameters calculated, the number of mutants per 100 surviving leaf halves appears to be the most useful since it relates the number of mutants within a dose to the number of surviving leaf halves, the number of mutants to the number of plants produced, and the number of mutants within doses to control values.Using the criteria, number of mutants per 100 surviving leaf halves, optimum production of all mutants, of useful and of dwarf mutants was obtained at 2.5 kR for noncolchicine treated leaf halves and 1.5 to 3.0 kR for colchicine treated leaf halves.Of the adventitious plantlets produced, 13.8% were classified as mutant types. Mutant plants were found in radiation dose levels up to 5.5 kR. The array of mutants produced was skewed toward plant habit and flower characteristic mutants with several leaf characteristic, lethal, and polyploid mutants observed. A high frequency of mutants, 10 of 93 plants, occurred in the nonirradiated controls. Four sectorial chimeras were identified from both control and irradiation exposed groups. Several potentially useful flower color and dwarf mutants have been selected for further study. Adventitious buds may have developed from callus at petiole and leaf-vein bases. Colchicine treatments severely inhibited adventitious plantlet production and because of this could not be used as a criterion to identify the origin of adventitious buds. Conclusive determination of the organogenesis of adventitious buds from Longwood leaf halves could not be made. Mutant plantlets formed from adventitious buds on detached leaf halves of Longwood appear to arise from single cells as has been found with other Gesneriads.Scientific Journal Series Article No. 10 330 of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.     

生姜辐照抑制发芽贮藏工艺研究

本研究结果表明 ,生姜辐照抑制发芽的最适辐射剂量为 0 0 8～ 0 40kGy,最高耐受剂量为 0 40kGy。辐照时要保证产品的吸收剂量不均匀度≤ 1 5。适宜剂量的辐照处理与聚乙烯蔬菜专用保鲜膜包装相结合能够实现生姜在常温下的中长期贮藏 ,贮藏 1 2 0d保鲜率可达到 90 %以上。在 0 0 8～ 0 2 5kGy的辐照剂量范围内 ,不会引起生姜维生素C和钙质含量的损失。     

低剂量辐射对小麦与窄颖赖草属间杂交的促进与损伤双重效应

以小麦、窄颖赖草为材料 ,研究了低剂量γ射线辐照花粉对远缘杂交的作用。结果表明 ,适宜低剂量 (5～ 9Gy)辐照花粉能克服杂交不亲和性提高杂交结实率 ,但同时也有一定损伤 ,种子胚胎发育受到一定影响 ,表现出低剂量辐射的双重效应。     

电子流注入水稻幼穗组织培养效应的研究

以两用核不育系新光S幼穗为材料,以γ射线辐照作对照,研究了电子流注入对水稻离体培养的反应。结果表明,电子流注入对离体培养的效应与γ射线辐照具有相似性。对愈伤组织的诱导、分化主要表现为抑制效应,但对植株再生具有促进作用。10～15秒电子流注入可使幼穗的出愈率和分化率保持对照水平或略低,而再生能力大幅度提高。     

玉米自交系辐照效应的研究

用 2 0 0Gy6 0 Coγ射线辐照玉米自交系黄早四干种子 ,引起玉米自交系各性状的较大变异。M1表现出明显的辐射生理损伤效应 ,M2 、M3的质量性状未发现有明显的变异 ,但生育期、株高、穗位高、穗长等数量性状出现较高的突变频率 ;M3开始出现黄、白化苗、矮生株等隐性突变和雄性不育株 ,同时在粒色上也产生了有明显变异的个体。再次证明异花授粉作物的辐射诱发突变导致M2 形成杂合的植株 ,而诱发突变大多为隐性的 ,需在M3纯合后才表现出来 ,M4 代测交种试验结果表明 ,自交系经辐照后 ,有选择出高配合力个体的可能。     

聚四氟乙烯辐照裂解及超细粉加工研究

叙述了聚四氟乙烯超细粉的制备过程 ,研究了聚四氟乙烯原粉在不同辐照剂量处理后裂解的最佳工艺及物化性能测试