农业机械铸铁基件裂纹的修复技术

通过对焊修方法的选取和工艺的分析,提出解决农业机械铸铁基件的修复方法。     

复合镀铁技术与工程车辆发动机气缸的修复

通过介绍复合镀铁技术的特点,以工程车辆发动机气缸的实际工况为基础,进行快速模拟磨损对比试验,研究复合镀铁材料的磨损规律,并绘制了负荷-速度-磨损量三维曲面图。本文对复合镀铁材料的耐磨性进行较全面的评价,初步探讨了复合镀铁用于强化工程车辆发动机气缸的可行性。     

Effects of Green Manures and Zinc Fertilizer Sources on DTPA-Extractable Zinc in Soil and Zinc Content in Basmati Rice Plants at Different Growth Stages

Rice is very sensitive to low zinc(Zn) supply in submerged paddy soils and Zn deficiency is one of the major limiting factors in determining rice production in India. A field experiment was conducted during the summer-rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010 at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to determine the effects of summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers on diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(DTPA)-extractable(available) Zn concentration in soil and total Zn content in Basmati rice cultivar Pusa Basmati 1 at periodic intervals. Summer green manure crops included Sesbania aculeata(Dhaincha),Crotalaria juncea(Sunhemp), and Vigna unguiculata(Cowpea) and the Zn fertilizers used were ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA)-chelated Zn, ZnSO_4·7H_2O, ZnSO_4·H_2O, ZnO, and ZnSO_4·7H_2O + ZnO. Beneficial effects of summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers on DTPA-extractable Zn concentration in soil and total Zn content in dry matter of Basmati rice at periodic intervals were observed, with significant increases in all the determined parameters, in comparison with those in the control(no Zn application or summer fallow). The rate of increase varied among summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers during both years. Among the summer green manures, incorporation of S. aculeata led to a significant increase in mean Zn content in Basmati rice grain and straw when compared with C. juncea, V. unguiculata, and summer fallow treatments. Among the Zn fertilizers, significant increases in Zn content in Basmati rice dry matter and DTPA-extractable Zn concentration in soil during various growth stages of the plant were recorded with EDTA-chelated Zn application, followed by the application of ZnSO_4·7H_2O, ZnSO_4·H_2O, ZnSO_4·7H_2O + ZnO, ZnO,and no Zn. The highest mean Zn content in Basmati rice grain and straw was recorded with EDTA-chelated Zn application in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The application of ZnSO_4·7H_2O was the second best treatment after EDTA-chelated Zn; however, it was statistically inferior to EDTA-chelated Zn. The lowest values were recorded with the control(no Zn application) during both years of study. The amount of Zn concentration in soil was found to be significantly positively correlated with the Zn content in Basmati rice dry matter during both years. Significantly higher levels of residual fertility in soil after the harvest of Basmati rice were observed with application of EDTA-chelated Zn and incorporation of S. aculeata when compared with those of other Zn sources and summer green manures.     

Effect of P fertilizer reduction regime on soil Olsen-P, root Fe-plaque P, and rice P uptake in rice-wheat rotation paddy fields

In agricultural systems, it is vital to use limited yet optimal phosphorus(P) resources, because excessive P fertilizer application leads to the accumulation of P in soil, increasing the risk of environmental pollution and causing the waste and exhaustion of P resources. In a rice-wheat rotation system, omitting P fertilizer application in the rice-growing season is a good alternative;however, how this P fertilization reduction influences changes in P in the soil-root-aboveground system is unclear. In this study, after a seven-year rice-wheat rotation at the Yixing(YX) and Changshu(CS) sampling sites, China, compared with P fertilization in rice-and wheat-growing seasons(PR+W), reduced P fertilization(no P fertilizer application in either season, P0;P fertilization only in wheat-growing seasons, PW;and P fertilization only in rice-growing seasons, PR) did not result in substantial variation in crop biomass. The PW treatment did not reduce crop total P, root iron(Fe)-plaque P, and soil Olsen-P at three stages of rice growth(seedling, booting, and harvesting stages) at the YX and CS sites. In contrast, concentrations of soil Olsen-P, aboveground crop total P, and root Fe-plaque P decreased in the P0 treatment by 45.8%–81.0%,24.6%–30.9%, and 45.6%–73.4%, respectively. In addition, a significant negative correlation was observed between the root Fe-plaque P and crop biomass at the two sites. Significant positive correlations were also observed between root Fe-plaque P and root total P, crop total P, and soil Olsen-P. In addition, the results of a redundancy analysis revealed that soil alkaline phosphatase(ALP) played a major role in the supply of P in soil, and was closely associated with root Fe-plaque P. The results of this study will enhance the understanding of the changes in P in the soil-root-aboveground system, particularly under P fertilizer reduction regimes.     

Characterization of brushite as a re-crystallization product formed during bacterial solubilization of hydroxyapatite in batch cultures

Two strains of bacteria (Burkholderia sp., strain FeGL01, and Burkholderia caribiensis, strain FeGL03) were isolated from a Brazilian high phosphorus iron ore. The capacity of both strains to solubilize hydroxyapatite, Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH), was assessed in plate and batch cultures. In batch cultures, the concentration of solution-P showed two kinetics: an initial one, characterized by a continuously increasing kinetics and a second one, characterized by oscillatory kinetics. To understand the nature of these oscillations, phosphatic residues in the spent broth were collected before, during and after the oscillations, and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray chemical microanalyses (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). From these studies, it was found that drops in P concentration were related to the formation of an intermediate phosphate in the residues, identified as brushite, CaHPO₄·2H₂O. Later increase of available P in the solution was found to be a consequence of re-dissolution of brushite crystals previously formed. Re-crystallization of brushite was also detected in plate cultures after 12-14 days of incubation     

Characterization and selection for phosphorus deficiency tolerance in 99 spring wheat genotypes in Montana

Phosphorus (P) deficiency in soil is a common spring wheat production-limiting factor in Montana. In a pot experiment, three groups of spring wheat genotypes based on source (association mapping, 2016 off-station, and nested association mapping) were grown in 5 (P5) and 30 (P30) mg P kg^?1 potting mix conditions and screened for P deficiency tolerance. Plant height, tiller and head number, grain yields per pot measured were significantly different between P5 and P30 conditions (p?<?.05). Spring wheat genotypes: Unity, Peace, Vida, Reeder, CLTR 15134, ONeal and Fortuna yielded more grains, and equally took up more P in P5 conditions, revealing some degree of P deficiency tolerance. The genetic variability identified in this study for grain yields and P uptake could be used in wheat improvement programs for selecting genotypes with low P tolerance in P deficient soils as well as in organic spring wheat production.     

一株在微生物燃料电池中可以利用喹啉发电的产电假单胞杆菌Q1的产电特性研究

A rhizobox experiment was conducted to compare iron (Fe) oxidation and changes of pH, redox potential (Eh) and fractions of zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of four emergent-rooted wetland plants (Echinodorus macrophyllus, Eleocharis geniculata, Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Veronica serpyllifolia) with different radial oxygen loss (ROL) from roots. The results indicated that all these wetland plants decreased pH and concentration of Fe(Ⅱ) but increased the Eh in the rhizosphere soils. Pb and Zn were transformed from unstable fractions to more stable fractions in the rhizosphere soils, so decreasing their potential metal mobility factors (MF). Among the four plants, E. macrophyllus, with the highest ROL and root biomass, possessed the greatest ability in formation of Fe plaque and in the reduction of heavy metal MFs in the rhizosphere soil. Wetland plants, with higher ROLs and root biomass, may thus be effective in decreasing potential long-term heavy metal bioavailabilities.     

Adaptation of some introduced eragrostis species to calcareous soil and acid mine spoil

Abstract

Plant growth is frequently limited by Fe‐related chlorosis on calcareous soils and by mineral toxicities on strongly acid soils and mine spoils. Better adapted varieties are needed for both soil situations, which are not always economically correctable. In a search for such geraplasm, 4 species (20 accessions) of Eragrostis were grown in greenhouse pots of a calcareous soil at pH 7.3. Two species were also compared on acid mine spoil at pH 3.5 and 4.7.

Species, and accessions within species, differed significantly in tolerance to the calcareous soil, as measured by susceptibility to chlorosis and yield of plant tops. The range in top yield was 11‐fold for accessions of Eragrostis capensis, 3‐fold for Eragrostis lehmanniana, and 1.7‐fold for Eragrostis superba. Eragrostis plana (P.I. 364340) was more tolerant to acid mine spoil (pH 3.5) but less tolerant to calcareous soil (pH 7.3) than Eragrostis superba (P.I. 364833).

Chlorosis and poor growth of certain accessions on calcareous soil (pH 7.3) were not explained by specific mineral deficiencies or toxicities. However, the tops of chlorosis‐susceptible accessions had lower ratios of Fe/Mn, Fe/Zn, and Fe/Cu than those of chlorosis‐resistant accessions. This imbalance is believed to interfere with Fe metabolism in plant tops.

Results suggested that superior strains of Eragrostis species can be selected for adaptation to calcareous or acid soils and that certain accessions characterized in these studies can be useful in studying the physiological mechanisms of mineral stress resistance in plants.     

双季早稻氮素亏缺补偿效应的形成及其生理机制初探

为探明双季早稻氮素亏缺补偿效应的形成及其生理机制,采用桶栽方式,以超级杂交早稻品种淦鑫203为试验材料,于氮素亏缺敏感期分蘖期,设置5个氮肥处理:T0(各生育阶段均不施用氮肥,即空白对照)、T1(各生育阶段氮肥按常量分配)、T2(分蘖期氮肥亏缺后幼穗分化期不恢复供氮)、T3(分蘖期氮肥亏缺后幼穗分化期常量恢复供氮)和T4(分蘖期氮肥亏缺后幼穗分化期倍量补偿供氮),比较各氮肥处理稻株产量及其构成因素、单株分蘖数、成穗率和净光合速率、SPAD值、氮代谢酶(硝酸还原酶NR和谷氨酰胺合成酶GS)活性、内源激素含量、根系伤流量等有关生理指标的差异性。结果表明,T4单株产量与T1十分接近,补偿指数CI=0.99,无显著差异,呈现出等量补偿效应。与T1相比,T4叶片净光合速率、SPAD值、NR和GS活性均能维持在较高水平,而且随着生育推进,至补偿后期,T4该4项生理指标仍维持在较高水平,表现出较为明显的氮素亏缺补偿效应。至补偿后期,氮素补偿处理的T4和T3稻株叶片脱落酸(ABA)含量显著低于T0、T1和T2,以T4最低,生长促进类激素之和(GA3+IAA+ZR)与生长抑制类激素(ABA)比值则显著高于T0、T1和T2。氮素亏缺补偿后第10天根系伤流量以T0最低,T4、T3均高于T1,且T4与T1间差异达显著水平。至补偿后期,T4单株分蘖数及成穗率高于T1、T3。本研究结果进一步明确了双季超级杂交早稻分蘖期氮素亏缺补偿效应的形成,有助于诠释水稻氮素亏缺补偿效应形成的生理机制,为水稻氮肥施用不当时进行追补及双季早稻高产稳产栽培提供了科学依据。     

Micronutrient availability in soils of Northwest Bosnia and Herzegovina in relation to silage maize production

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most widely grown crop in Bosnia and Herzegovina especially in Northwest part of the country. Considering that, the maize is extremely sensitive to micronutrient deficiency the main aim of this study was to asses: (1) micronutrient availability in soil, (2) micronutrient status in silage maize; and (3) the relationship between micronutrient soil availability and maize plant concentration. Soil samples for micronutrient availability (n?=?112) were collected from 28 farms in 7 municipalities. Plant available micro- and macro- nutrients in soil were extracted using Mehlich-3, except plant available Se was extracted using 0.1M KH₂PO₄. Result showed that on average there was no significant difference between different soil types regarding their potential in plant available nutrients. P deficiency was present both, in soil and plants in whole region. Soil extractable P was ranging from 0.003–0.13?g?kg^?1 and total plant P was ranging from 0.79–4.95?g?kg^?1. Zinc deficiency was observed in two locations both in soil (0.71?mg?kg^?1; 0.79?mg?kg^?1) and plant (11.5?mg?kg^?1; 15.8?mg?kg^?1). Potential Se soil deficiency was observed on some locations, while Se plant status is not high enough to meet daily requirements of farm animals. Extractable soil nutrients could be used as relatively good predictor of potential soil and plant deficiencies, but soil nutrient interactions and climate conditions are highly effecting the plant uptake potential.