硅肥生产技术综述

综述了国内外硅肥发展概况以及粉煤灰硅肥、高炉渣硅肥的生产工艺。分析了国内利用粉煤灰、高炉渣生产硅肥发展缓慢的原因,并指出了今后对粉煤灰硅肥、高炉渣硅肥研究的重点。最后评估了利用粉煤灰、炼铁炉渣开发硅肥的经济效益和社会效益,这将为粉煤灰、高炉渣综合利用开辟提供有价值的参考。     

Metal contamination from open-cast copper and sulphur mining in southeast Ireland

The metal content was determined in soil and vegetation around the eastern zone of the disused sulphur and copper mines at Avoca (southeast Ireland). A 250 m × 250 m grid survey was conducted covering a total area of 4 km². The mining belt was in the centre of the investigated site and was sampled separately. Iron, Zn, Cu and Cd concentrations in soil and plant material were determined, in addition to soil organic matter content and soil pH. Soil samples taken from the spoil showed elevated Cu and Cd concentrations, and low soil pH and organic matter content. At least 50 per cent of the agricultural sites examined around the East Avoca Mine showed elevated soil Cu and Cd concentrations, whereas Zn and Fe soil concentrations were within the range for unpolluted soils. None of the vegetation analysed had elevated Zn, Cd, Fe or Cu concentrations. Overall there was no indication of serious metal contamination in either soils or vegetation surrounding the mine in spite of extensive dust deposition during open-pit mining activity 15–30 years ago. However, a plume of elevated Cu in the soil was identified, which originated from a large spoil heap and had been spread for some 2·0 km by the prevailing wind.     

石灰石砂砾负载铁膜及其强化除磷效果

为研究探讨出一种成本低、适用于农村生活污水处理的人工湿地填料负载铁膜方法,通过室内小试比较了石灰石砂砾、普通河沙砂砾2种材料,以及FeCl_3溶液、FeSO_4溶液、Fe(OH)_3胶体溶液3种含铁溶液,并比较了不同的工艺条件,包括4种加液方式:载体浸泡在溶液中不捞出、浸泡2 h后捞出、浸泡1 min后立即捞出和喷淋,3种干燥方式:105℃烘干、太阳晒干和室内自然晾干;同时构建了铁膜石灰石砂砾小型人工湿地,考察了其实际运行效果。试验优选出的负载铁膜方法为:石灰石砂砾浸泡在浓度为1.5 mol·L~(-1)的FeSO_4溶液中,使石灰石砂砾与溶液充分接触1 min后捞出,再将捞出后的石灰石砂砾室内通风自然晾干。铁膜石灰石砂砾对生活污水总磷的静态吸附去除率从普通石灰石砂砾的22.7%提高到80.6%;将其应用于小型人工湿地,总磷去除率比普通石灰石砂砾湿地提高了10%～15%。     

Effect of dietary calcium or phosphorus deficiency on bone development and related calcium or phosphorus metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary calcium (Ca) or phosphorus (P) deficiency on bone development and related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age based on our previous study, which indicated that dietary Ca or P deficiency impaired the bone development by regulating related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 504 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments with 7 replicates in a completely randomized design, and fed the normal control and Ca- or P-deficient diets from 1 to 21 days of age. At 22 days of age, the broilers were further fed the normal control diet (0.90% Ca+0.35% non-phytate P (NPP)), the P-deficient diet (0.90% Ca+0.18% NPP), the Ca-deficient diet (0.30% Ca+0.35% NPP) or the Ca and P-deficient diet (0.30% Ca+0.18% NPP), respectively. The results showed that dietary Ca or P deficiency decreased (P<0.05) tibia bone mineral density (BMD), bone breaking strength (BBS), ash content, tibia ash Ca content and serum P content on days 28 and 42, but increased (P<0.05) tibia alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of broilers on day 42 compared with the control group. Furthermore, the broilers fed the P-deficient diet had the lowest (P<0.05) tibia BMD, BBS, ash content, serum P content and the highest (P<0.05) serum Ca content on day 28 compared with those fed the Ca-deficient or Ca and P-deficient diets. The results from the present study indicated that the bone development and related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers were the most sensitive to dietary P deficiency, followed by dietary Ca deficiency or Ca and P-deficiency; dietary Ca or P deficiency impaired the bone development possibly by regulating serum Ca and P contents as well as tibia Ca content and ALP activity of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age.     

无机碳源对零价铁介导的自养脱氮序批式反应器处理高氨氮废水的影响

无机碳源作为自养微生物的能量来源,是影响自养脱氮细菌富集的重要因素。文章通过添加不同量的KHCO3作为ZVI介导的自养脱氮体系中无机碳源,研究反应体系的脱氮效果影响趋势以及适宜的无机碳源添加量。结果如下:1)KHCO3作为无机碳源可以显著提高NH^+4-N去除率,KHCO3添加量越多,其NH^+4-N去除率越高。KHCO3添加量分别为2 g,1 g,0.5 g的SBR反应器R2,R1,R0.5的NH^+4-N去除率分别为98.39%,65.18%,44.56%,相较不添加KHCO3的R0分别提高86.5%,53.29%,32.67%。ZVI的添加会降低KHCO3对NH^+4-N氧化的促进作用。2)KHCO3可明显提高TIN去除效果,促进总氮脱除的高低顺序是R1>R0.5>R2,SBR反应器R2,R1,R0.5的平均TIN去除率分别为19.01%,32.04%,27.62%,相较于空白组R0分别提高了10.60%,23.63%,19.21%。3)KHCO3可中和硝化反应产生的H^+,对反应体系具有缓冲作用,可使微生物处于较适宜的酸碱环境中,更有利于反应器的稳定运行。4)适量的无机碳源KHCO3可以促进氨氧化细菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌的活性。该研究探讨了无机碳源在零价铁脱氮体系中的影响趋势,为铁型脱氮技术提供了理论支撑。     

左氧氟沙星在铁氧化物表面的吸附：动力学和pH的影响

通过批吸附动力学、等温吸附试验,并结合X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术和衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱(ATRFTIR),揭示不同pH下左氧氟沙星(LEV)在铁氧化物表面的吸附机制。结果表明：溶液pH对LEV在针铁矿表面的吸附影响较大,不同pH下,其吸附动力学更符合准二级动力学模型(R²>0.98)。在pH为4时,3 h左右达到吸附平衡,而在pH为8时,12 h达到吸附平衡,并且pH为4的吸附量约是pH为8的2倍。XPS和ATR-FTIR的结果一致表明,静电作用和化学吸附是其主要吸附机制,在低pH(pH为4)时,LEV在针铁矿表面主要以单核双齿形态被吸附,在高pH(pH为8)时,主要以双核双齿形态被吸附。在中间pH(pH为6)时,由于静电排斥作用,导致其吸附量最大。     

pH、抗坏血酸对柠檬酸铁胺化学状态的影响

本研究对不同ｐＨ值、不同抗坏血酸水平及不同时间内柠檬酸铁胺中以各种化学状态存在的铁（包括可溶性铁、离子化铁、二价铁及三价铁）进行了定量分析和研究，结果表明，在本研究的ｐＨ值范围内（２．７～６．４），柠檬酸铁胺都可以保持较高的溶解性。低ｐＨ有助于溶解的铁以离子状态存在，随ｐＨ值的升高，柠檬酸铁胺中铁的离子化程度有下降趋势，且ｐＨ的升高阻止了三价铁向二价铁的转化，导致不溶性铁盐的形成，在本研究的ｐＨ范围内，抗坏血酸都表现出了还原性。抗坏血酸对柠檬酸铁胺都具有促进溶解、促进离子化、促进三价铁还原为二价铁，抗坏血酸的这些作用都是通过其还原作用和络合作用实现的。     

福建省几种典型红壤性水稻土稀土含量的研究——Ⅱ.稀土与土壤成分的相关分析

对供试土壤的稀土总量(Σ REE),轻稀土含量(Σ LREE)和重稀土含量(Σ HREE)与土壤颗粒组成、有机质含量、腐殖质组成及不同形态氧化铁含量之间的相关关系进行了统计分析.结果表明:(1)ΣREE、Σ LREE 与土壤粘粒,有机质、腐殖质及组成,Fe_t,Fe_d,Fe_(d_o),Fe_(t-d)之间均呈极显著相关;(2)Σ HREE 与上述物质的相关均不显著.     

高钙日粮诱致肉用仔鸡低锌症的研究

用5日龄Arbor Acres肉仔鸡80只进行试验,分别喂以添加Ca 2.5%,2.5%+Zn 80 ppm,1%,1%+Zn 80 ppm的玉米-豆饼型基础日粮(含Ca 1%,Zn 48 ppm),对照组喂基础日粮。结果表明:高Ca影响锌的吸收,加剧Zn缺乏症,表现生长迟缓,羽毛蓬乱、无光泽、脱落,胫骨呈“短骨粗症”;在不同日龄中肝、毛的Mn.Zn,Fe,Co含量显著或极显著低于对照组,而肝中的Cu,se含量则增高;血液中的AKP,CPK,总蛋白和淀粉酶明显或极明显低于对照组,而Ca~([2+]),SGPT,γ-GT和球蛋白显著或极显著升高,其它元素和生理生化指标无明显差异。     

异化铁还原对水稻土CH4,CO2及N2O形成的抑制

采用厌氧泥浆恒温培养实验,测定了4种不同水稻土及添加外源氧化铁后土壤中CH4,N2O和CO2分压及Fe()浓度的变化,探讨了影响温室气体产生的土壤化学及生物学因素。结果表明:不同土壤中甲烷产生量有很大差异,其产甲烷能力的顺序表现为四川水稻土>江西水稻土>吉林水稻土>广东水稻土,添加氧化铁可显著抑制土壤中甲烷的形成。培养过程中不同土壤产生的CO2浓度相近,变化趋势也基本相同,添加氧化铁后均可导致CO2浓度显著降低。广东水稻土中N2O气体分压显著大于其他土壤,并且释放高峰期持续时间长,不同水稻土N2O产生能力的顺序为广东水稻土>四川水稻土>江西水稻土>吉林水稻土。添加Fe(OH)3后,江西、四川和吉林水稻土中N2O气体分压明显降低,而广东水稻土表现为释放高峰期推后。吉林、四川和江西水稻土中铁还原比较迅速,而广东水稻土中铁还原有明显滞后现象。添加乙酸盐和H2对广东水稻土中甲烷生成有明显的促进作用,证实了乙酸盐及H2浓度是限制广东水稻土甲烷生成的重要条件,添加氧化铁可有效抑制外源乙酸盐及H2的产甲烷过程。