恒电荷土壤及可变电荷土壤与离子间相互作用的研究 I.共存离子对NO_3~-吸附的影响

研究了我国典型３种可变电荷土壤和４种恒电荷土壤在陪伴阳离子分别为Ｋ十、Ｎａ十、Ｃａ２＋时和１ｍｍｏｌＬ－１ＫＣ１、Ｋ２ＳＯ４支持电解质中ＮＯ３－的吸附。结果表明，ＮＯ３－吸附量随ｐＨ的增加而减小。在添加相同浓度ＮＯ３－时，３种可变电荷土壤对ＮＯ３－的吸附量顺序为Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２＞ ＫＮＯ３＞ＮａＮＯ３＞ＫＮＯ３十ＫＣＩ＞ＫＮＯ３＋Ｋ２ＳＯ４；在初始ＮＯ３－浓度０．５－５ｍｍｏｌＬ－１的范围内，吸附量随浓度变化的关系符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温吸附式．由此求出与ＮＯ３－吸附结合能有关的常数（Ｋ）在不同共存离子存在下数值较小且差异不大，因此认为不同陪伴阳离子和不同伴随阴离子对ＮＯ３－吸附的电性机理影响不大，只是改变了土壤表面的正电荷数量从而使吸附量发生变化。４种恒电荷土壤对ＮＯ３－的吸附量通常很小，其中在Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２介质中较在其他介质中稍大，最大吸附量仅为１．５～ｍｍｏｌ ｋｇ－１左右，约为可变电荷土壤的１／１０，且在浓度较低时常观察到负吸附。     

Occurrence of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge and their Behaviour in Soils and Plants. Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter (5 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter Part 2: Investigation of Polycyclic Musks in Soils and Plants -  Preamble. In Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludges. For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence, Part 2 examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil and their uptake by plants. Background, Aim and Scope   Polycyclic Musks (PCMs) enter the environment via the waste water system. Because of their persistence, they can accumulate in different matrices like sewage sludge or biota. By the use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer, PCMs are transferred to agricultural soils. Therefore, in Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludge. For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence, Part 2 of the study examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil, and their uptake by plants. Materials and Methods: In the screening study, samples of activated sewage sludge were taken both in summer and in winter at 21 treatment plants. In order to get an overview of the contamination situation, sampling covered different types of treatment plants (in rural, urban, industrial areas). Analytical methods for the determination of HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, ATTN, AHDI and ATII in the sludge samples were developed and applied. Results: The analytical screening of PCMs showed their presence in activated and dried sewage sludge samples. HHCB and AHTN represented about 95% of the PCMs investigated. Their concentrations in the activated sludge samples varied between 2.9 and 10.4 mg/kg dry mass (dm) and 1.1 to 4.2 mg/kg dm, respectively. Although different types of sewage treatment plants were investigated, similar PCM levels were found, showing the widespread input of these compounds into domestic waste water. Discussion: PCM concentrations in activated sludge varied widely. The variation drops substantially when concentrations are related to the varying dry mass. In dehydrated sludge, PCM concentrations were up to 24 mg/kg dm for HHCB and up to 6.9 mg/kg dm for AHTN. These high values are comparable to those obtained in other investigations analysing PCMs. If the degradation of organic mass during anaerobic decomposition is included in the evaluation, the figures obtained are comparable to those for activated sludge. Elimination in sewage sludge was higher in summer than in winter. Therefore, the contamination of the sludges in winter reached higher levels compared to the summer. Conclusions: The results show that PCMs are widespread contaminants in sewage sludge. Recommendations and Perspectives: PCM should be considered in a risk assessment as potential contaminants of sewage sludge destined for agricultural use. Due to the high PCM levels in sewage sludge, further investigations into the degradation and elimination behaviour in sewage sludge have to be carried out, including that involving PCM metabolites such as lactone derivatives.     

Comparative effects of applying leguminous and non-leguminous green manures and inorganic N on biomass yield and nitrogen uptake in flooded rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

The beneficial role of green manures in rice production is generally ascribed to their potential of supplying plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N). However, the mechanisms through which green manures enhance the crop productivity are poorly understood. Pot experiments were conducted using a ¹⁵N-tracer technique: (1) to compare the biomass production potential of sesbania (Sesbania aculeata Pers.) and maize (Zea mays L.) as green manuring crops for lowland rice and (2) to compare the effect of the two types of green manure and inorganic N on the dry matter accumulation and N uptake by two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, viz. IR-6 and Bas-370. Although maize produced three times higher shoot biomass compared with sesbania, the latter showed higher N concentration; and thus the total N yield was similar in the two types of plants. Applying the shoot material of the two plants to flooded rice significantly enhanced the dry matter yield and N uptake by the two rice cultivars, the positive effects generally being more pronounced with sesbania than with maize amendment. The difference in the growth-promoting potential of the two plant residues was related more to an increased uptake of the native soil N rather than to their direct role as a source of plant-available N. A positive added nitrogen interaction (ANI) was observed due to both plant residues, the effect was much more pronounced with the application of sesbania than with maize residues. In both rice cultivars, inorganic N also caused a substantial ANI, particularly at higher application rate. Losses from the applied N were 2–3 times lower from sesbania, compared with maize treatment. Green manuring with sesbania also caused much lower N losses than the inorganic N applied at equivalent or higher rates. The overall benefit of green manuring to rice plants was higher than inorganic N applied at comparable rates. The two rice cultivars differed in their response to green manuring, IR-6 generally being more responsive than Bas-370.     

菜心对邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)吸收途径的初步研究

采用玻璃室处理和污染土壤覆盖原土壤来控制PAEs来源进行盆栽试验，应用GC/MS联机检测技术初步研究了菜心对PAEs的吸收途径。结果表明：污染土壤处理与污染土壤上覆盖原土壤处理相比，前者菜心茎叶中DBP和DEHP的含量均高于后者，但相差不大，表明菜心茎叶可以吸收污染土壤中挥发出来的DBP和DEHP，而根系吸收运移是菜心茎叶中DBP和DEHP的主要来源途径。玻璃室处理增加了菜心茎叶和根系中DBP的含量，而对DEHP的影响趋势不明显。DBP与DEHP相比，前者更易被菜心根系吸收并向地上部(茎叶)运移，后者主要滞留在根部。     

不同施氮量对旱地不同品种冬小麦氮素累积、运输和分配的影响

通过田间试验研究了西北旱地4个主要冬小麦品种在不同供氮水平下对氮素的吸收、累积和转移特性。结果表明,增施氮肥显著地促进了小麦地上部分氮素累积总量,子粒氮素累积量在施氮量180.kg/hm2时最高,再增加氮肥用量子粒氮素累积量降低;施氮明显增加了收获时茎秆氮素的残留量。不同品种间氮素累积量差异显著,其中小偃22最高,其后依次为陕253、小偃503和陕229;小偃22的氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥生理效率均高于其它几个小麦品种。不同器官相比,开花前氮素主要累积在叶片中,茎秆的累积量在开花期达到最大。不同部位氮素转移效率为叶片穗茎秆;叶、茎、穗氮素转移效率存在基因型差异。     

苏打盐渍土地区芦苇地土壤盐分离子空间变异与群落关系研究

对松嫩平原西部苏打盐渍土地区芦苇小区土壤盐分离子和植被群落进行了分析,结果表明土壤盐分离子空间变异显著,四种阳离子(Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+)变异系数为0.60~1.22,四种阴离子(HCO3-、CO32-、C l-、SO42-)变异系数为0.35~1.41。离子中,Na+在阳离子中含量最高,HCO3-在阴离子中含量最高。群落间比较,碱茅+芦苇群落八大离子浓度均大于芦苇群落(p<0.05)。且土壤电导率、pH,以及株高、生物量、覆盖度也高于芦苇群落(p<0.01),因此随着土壤电导率、离子浓度的增加,芦苇小区土壤碱化程度加重,植被生长指标减小,植被群落也由芦苇群落向含有碱地植被的碱茅+芦苇群落过渡。     

空心菜对不同形态氮吸收动力学特性研究

对空心菜不同形态氮素吸收动力学特性进行了研究,发现其吸附曲线均符合Michaelis-Menten酶动力学方程,采用LB转换式处理数据对其动力学参数进行计算,得出以下结论:①空心菜对铵态氮的亲和力大于对硝态氮的亲和力（K_m铵态氮<K_m硝态氮）,说明空心菜有优先吸收铵态氮的趋势,表明在实际净化水质过程中,若有足够的停留时间,空心菜对铵态氮的净化程度更高一些;②空心菜对铵态氮的最大吸收速率V_max为0.001 85 mmol/（g·FW·h）,对硝态氮最大吸收速率V_max 为0.000 279 mmol/（g·FW·h）,V_max铵态氮>V_max硝态氮,表明空心菜对铵态氮的净化速率要大于对硝态氮的净化速率;③当溶液中存在铵态氮时,空心菜对硝态氮的亲和力增加了2.5%,而最大吸收速率则减少34%,总的吸收能力降低,表明溶液中铵态氮的存在不影响空心菜根细胞膜上载体与硝态氮之间的亲和性,但影响载体对硝态氮的运转速度。     

鄱阳湖湿地土壤中Cu Zn Pb Cd的形态研究

针对乐安河上游铜矿开采带来的鄱阳湖湖体东部重金属污染的问题，采用Tessier法对鄱阳湖湿地土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的化学形态以及重金属形态与植物富集的相关关系进行了研究。结果表明。鄱阳湖土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn主要以有机结合态和残渣态为主，水溶态和交换态等生物有效性态含量很少。Cd的水溶态、交换态和铁锰氧化物态较其他元素高。相关分析和偏相关分析均显示植物中重金属含量与其生存环境中的重金属含量直接相关．植物对重金属的富集能力表现出Zn〉Cu〉Cd〉Pb的趋势。     

Establishment of trees on mixtures of pulverized fuel ash and Gypsum. Part II: Nutrition and trace elements

Nutrients and trace elements were determined in the foliage of nine tree species grown in mixtures of pulverized fuel ash (PFA) and gypsum. No serious macronutrient deficiencies were observed. Treatments with PFA consistently increased foliar levels of boron, potassium and molybdenum, and the poor performance of some tree species in pure PFA was attributed to boron toxicity. Gypsum hindered the uptake of boron when mixed with PFA, however, and co-disposal of the two wastes could be used to minimize problems associated with boron toxicity.     

不同有机肥用量对黄瓜生长及养分吸收的影响

在温室基质栽培条件下,研究了配施等量化肥时不同用量有机肥对黄瓜生长及养分吸收的影响。试验采用有机肥系烘干鸡粪,所有供试肥料均以底肥形式一次施入。研究结果表明,高量有机肥处理(有机肥50,100 kg/m3)严重抑制了黄瓜定植初期的生长,黄瓜前期产量也明显低于不施或低量有机肥处理。随着施肥量的增加,黄瓜氮、磷、钾养分吸收量均显著增加。黄瓜定植后74 d,所有处理基质的速效氮养分均已处于极低的水平,黄瓜普遍出现缺肥症状。试验初步证明了长季节栽培条件下一次施用高量有机肥难以及时提供足量的速效氮源,无法满足蔬菜养分需求。