Weed seedling emergence in contrasting fodder crop systems following 30 years of cultivation in the lowlands of Northern Italy

Five fodder crop systems of different intensity (ranging from a double annual crop of Italian ryegrass + silage maize to a permanent meadow) were adopted for 30 years in the lowlands of Northern Italy under two input levels, differing mainly in their provision of organic fertiliser (manure). Herbicides were used in the maize crops included in all systems, except the meadow. After 30 years, the weed seedbank of all systems and input levels were assessed by the seedling emergence technique on soil samples from each plot. The cropping systems determined the abundance and composition of the weed assembly. Relatively few, frequent species made up the majority of the emerged seedlings in all systems, and there was no relationship between the total number of emerged seedlings and the mean number of species recorded in the different systems. Arabidopsis thaliana and Oxalis corniculata were abundant in the annual double crop and in the 3- and 6-year rotations that also comprised the annual double crop. These weeds, however, were unlikely to represent a major threat to the crops, due to their vigour and growth period. The permanent meadow tended to greater weed biodiversity than the other systems. The application of manure favoured the seedbank of species such as Lolium multiflorum, Digitaria sanguinalis and A. thaliana. Weed communities in the different systems were mainly determined by herbicide application, (through the ability of weeds to avoid its effects, determined by the weed life history and emergence period) and manure application (with its possible dual effect of spreading weed seeds and favouring nitrogen-responsive weeds).     

苏北地区粳稻生产中化学品投入普遍过量的原因及减投方案

通过调查发现,苏北地区粳稻生产中普遍存在化学品过量施用的现象,分析了其原因并提出了针对性减肥减药技术方案。方案主要包括：⑴选用适宜品种;⑵培育长秧龄壮秧、普施“出嫁药肥”;⑶麦秸全量还田;⑷浅耕地且防基肥渗漏;⑸抢早扩行移栽;⑹通气式灌溉、高质量搁田;⑺分蘖肥减量增效、施足穗肥;⑻综合防控。采用此减投技术,在化学品投入下降28%~42%的情况下,还能保障苏北地区粳稻成穗量充足、群体质量优良、病虫草害得到有效防控,进而实现“化投大降、产量不减、防效不降、安全高质”。     

淳化县泥河沟流域投入产出分析及发展规划

本文运用投入产出分析法分析了淳化泥河沟流域生态经济系统,研究结果表明:经济效益大小排序为:林果>经济作物>工副业>小家畜>粮食作物>大家畜>瓜蔬>其它养殖业。又运用线性规划法,制定了该流域的经济发展规划,认为在泥河沟流域应优先大力发展林果业。     

基于车辆模型的平顺性脉冲振动仿真试验

利用车辆模型进行脉冲振动仿真试验得到车辆振动情况,调节至较佳的悬架参数,从而使车辆获得较好的平顺性。根据GB/T5902-86《汽车平顺性脉冲行驶试验方法》,利用车辆模型,模拟脉冲输入,获得车辆振动加速度输出,根据加速度输出情况,调节悬架刚度、阻尼系数。结果表明,基于半车模型的车辆脉冲振动仿真试验可以在一定范围内反映车辆振动情况和趋势,对悬架参数的设计具有较大的指导意义。     

建立多元化农业投入体系的思考

投入不足是制约农业和农村经济发展的突出问题,建立责权利相一致的能持续稳定增长的投入机制是当务之急.政府、银行、农民和社会投资者等不同的投入主体,其资金实力、投入能力、价值趋向和责任义务各不相同,必须充分调动各方面积极性,建立一个具有合力、多位一体的投入体系.     

硫包衣肥料在生姜生产上的应用研究

为探索硫包衣肥料在安丘生姜上的应用效果,进行3个不同施肥量硫包衣肥料与对照含氯复合肥的肥效对比试验。试验结果表明,施用硫包衣肥料后,生长中后期生姜叶色较绿,茎杆粗壮,长势旺,后期衰败晚,干叶尖差,染病轻,不同硫包衣尿素处理的姜苗鲜重比对照多3214.5~9558.0 kg/hm~2。施用硫包衣肥料的3个处理生姜产量比对照多6675.0~10627.5 kg/hm~2,产值比对照高24030.0~38259.0元/hm~2,且与对照差异达显著水平。同时使用硫包衣肥料显著提高了生姜的投入产出比。从产量产值上来看,施用NPK总量与对照相同的硫包衣复合肥处理(处理4)的增产效果最明显;从投入产出比来看,施用20%硫包衣尿素+80%普通尿素处理(处理3)的投入产出比最大。硫包衣肥料在安丘生姜上的应用效果明显,建议今后在生姜生产中加大硫包衣肥料的推广应用范围。     

投入式液位计在液肥液位检测中的应用

针对当前液态施肥机在液肥的精确及定量控制等方面存在的不足,以单片机作为控制核心,采用投入式液位传感器进行数据采集,将液位的变化转换成电压变化,再利用A/D将模拟量转化成数字量;同时,通过单片机处理将电压值换算成相应的液位高度值及容量值并显示,并用Mat Lab分析试验数据。结果表明:液位高度值各容量值测量误差均满足实际要求,可应用于液态施肥机。     

氮输入对土壤甲烷产生、氧化和传输过程的影响及其机制

随着人为氮输入的增加,外源氮成为影响土壤甲烷产生、氧化和传输过程的重要因素。土壤甲烷排放受氮素有效性的调节,氮输入会改变土壤初始环境和甲烷排放规律,最终影响甲烷排放量。综述了氮输入对土壤甲烷产生、氧化和传输过程的影响及机制。研究表明,1)氮输入对甲烷排放通量的影响存在促进、抑制和不显著3种情况,这主要是甲烷产生、氧化和传输过程的变化引起的;2)氮输入对甲烷产生过程的影响受产甲烷底物和产甲烷微生物活性的控制,氮输入通过增加土壤有机碳的含量为甲烷产生提供了丰富的底物,同时底物理化性质和植被覆盖度的变化使得这种影响复杂化,氮输入既可促进又可抑制产甲烷菌的活性,并且这种作用受氮形态的影响;3)氮输入对甲烷氧化过程的影响主要是通过刺激或抑制甲烷氧化菌的活性实现的,氮形态的不同也使得这种变化更为复杂;4)氮输入对甲烷传输过程的影响主要受植物通气组织的数量以及传输效率的控制,并且在不同生态系统这种控制作用差异较大。综上所述,氮输入对土壤甲烷产生、氧化和传输过程的影响及机制具有明显的复杂性和不确定性,今后研究中应综合考虑氮输入对甲烷排放关键过程的影响,并侧重于探讨氮输入对相关微生物群落结构、丰度和活性的影响,同时注重对各个生态系统的协同研究,确定氮输入影响下各个生态系统对全球甲烷排放的贡献率。     

江西省农业生态经济系统的能值指标分析

为了对江西省农业生态经济系统的演变趋势做出适当判断,对系统的可持续发展提出具体对策,笔者在研究江西省农业生态经济系统输入能值和产出能值的基础上,构建各种能值的结构指标,对江西省农业生态系统的结构、功能、效率和发展趋势进行分析。结果表明：购买能值投入率较高,有机能投入过多,工业辅助能值投入太少,系统处于自我维持的生产状态,具有较强的传统性和较高的保守性;净能值出产率较低,系统处于劳力密集型,集约化程度低,生产效率不高的粗放型阶段;环境负载率较大,且处于增长趋势,表明系统在能值利用技术上不断提高,同时面临的环境压力也越来越大;系统能值可持续发展指标为0.176~0.225,远小于1,系统是典型的消费型生态系统,产出的能值是消耗较多的资源获得。江西省农业系统应优化能值投入和产出结构,提高能源利用效率和生产效率,加大科技成份的投入,注重系统的协调性和整体性以及生态经营的合理性,把现代高新技术与传统农业技术的精华相结合,改变传统的粗放型经营方式,向现代科学技术型、高度集约型和高效益型转变。     

Numerical analysis on the performance of spiral antennas

The surfaces of the Planar Spiral Antennas and Conical Spiral Antennas are analyzed with planar triangle. The surface currents of the antennas are solved by using the Method of Moment (MoM) based on the RWG basis function. The input impedance, directivity, gain, radiated power and radiation field of the antenna can be found. The results indicate that, in very wide frequency band, the value of the input impedance equals to the theoretical value of Self-Compensated antennas (in agreement with Babinet-booker' principle), which is,188.5 ohm , the half of the wave impedance of free space, while the directivity, gain and radiated power are stable within the frequency band. When the antenna is driven by the signal of derivative Gaussian pulse, the radiating electric field waveform is obtained by the Fourier transform. When the spiral antenna is used as the pulse radiation antenna, the waveform of the radiation electric field shows the characteristics of the Gaussian quadratic differential.