无机溶液对土壤侵蚀的影响

为探索水土流失的影响因素,防治水土流失,采用自制水土冲刷试验装置,通过平行对比模拟试验,研究了无机盐和无机酸碱溶液对土壤侵蚀的影响规律。结果表明,无机盐溶液对土壤侵蚀作用大小与盐溶液的种类、浓度有关,在溶液中的阴离子相同的条件下,溶液的阳离子不同,冲刷的产沙量不一样,盐溶液浓度变化对土壤侵蚀的影响规律可分为四种:上升型、下降型、波峰型和波谷型。无机酸碱溶液对土壤侵蚀作用大小与酸、碱种类有关,H2SO4,HNO3的产沙量大,H3PO4,HCl的产沙量小;NaOH,KOH的产沙量大,Ca(OH)2,NH3.H2O的产沙量小;碱溶液对土壤的冲刷产沙量远大于酸溶液的产沙量,酸、碱溶液的产沙量均比清水大。     

Chemical and biochemical changes during laboratory-scale composting of allelopathic plant leaves (Eupatorium adenophorum and Lantana camara)

Leaves of eupatorium and lantana were separately composted in the laboratory in two phases. The first phase was run for 28 days at 50°C inside a hot-air oven and the second phase at room temperature for more than 5 months. After composting, the C/N ratio of the dry matter fell from 13.4 and 12.9 to 8.2 and 9.2 in eupatorium and lantana, respectively. The nitrogen contents of composted materials increased by 43 and 29% in eupatorium and lantana, respectively. In both composts, ammonium contents were much higher than nitrate contents. The light absorbance at 665 nm by acetone extracts decreased by 39% in eupatorium in comparison to 87% in lantana. The total extractable lipid phosphate contents decreased in both composts from about 4 μmol (during the mid-thermophilic phase) to less than 0.5 μmol lipid phosphate g^–1 dry matter. After composting, germination bioassays with Chinese cabbage seeds showed nearly complete elimination of allelopathic potentials of both plant materials. However, the germination index of Dia sorghum indicated that eupatorium, but not lantana, compost still retained a significant inhibitory potential. Received: 5 March 1997     

Effect of temperature on metabolic activity of intact microbial communities: Evidence for altered metabolic pathway activity but not for increased maintenance respiration and reduced carbon use efficiency

We used metabolic tracers and modeling to analyze the response of soil metabolism to a sudden change in temperature from 4 to 20 °C. We hypothesized that intact soil microbial communities would exhibit shifts in pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis activity in the same way as is regularly observed for individual microorganisms in pure culture. We also hypothesized that increased maintenance respiration at higher temperature would result in greater energy production and reduced carbon use efficiency (CUE). Two hours after temperature increase, respiration increased almost 10-fold. Although all metabolic processes were increased, the relative activity of metabolic processes, biosynthesis, and energy production changed. Pentose phosphate pathway was reduced (17-20%), while activities of specific steps in glycolysis (51%) and Krebs cycle (7-13%) were increased. In contrast, only small but significant changes in biosynthesis (+2%), ATP production (−3%) and CUE (+2%) were observed. In a second experiment, we compared the metabolic responses to temperature increases in soils from high and low elevation. The shift in activity from pentose phosphate pathway to glycolysis with higher temperature was confirmed in both soils, but the responses of Krebs cycle, biosynthesis, ATP production, and CUE were site dependent. Our results indicate that 1) in response to temperature, communities behave biochemically similarly to single species and, 2) our understanding of temperature effects on CUE, energy production and use for maintenance and growth processes is still incomplete.     

磷尾矿综合利用研究进展

目的探讨生物炭、木醋液对擦洗磷尾矿堆肥进程及磷活化的影响。方法采用外源添加将生物炭、木醋液与堆肥原料(锯末+麦麸)进行不同比例的替代后制备生物磷肥。结果生物炭木醋液混合添加,能够使堆体快速升温降温,有效缩短堆肥发酵时间,推进堆肥进程。生物炭+木醋液处理(TC)磷尾矿磷的活化率达20.89%,与生物炭处理(T)、木醋液处理(C)和空白对照(CK)相比极显著提高了3.16%、4.62%和9.99% (P<0.01)。除C处理外,TC处理后有机酸总量显著增加(P<0.05)。由有机酸种类及含量检测结果可知：高温阶段TC处理酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸含量与其他处理相比成倍增长。高温阶段随乙酸含量的增加磷的活化率有增加趋势。对堆肥的各因素进行相关分析可知：堆肥高温阶段产物速效磷含量与总有机酸极显著正相关(P<0.01)。结论生物炭、木醋液混合添加优于单用,促进堆肥过程中有机酸的产生,进而提高了磷尾矿堆肥中磷的活化。     

香猪血清无机盐含量的动态变化

采用常规方法对１３头春产香猪（８头雄性、５头雌性）１～６月龄的血清钙、磷、钠、钾和氯的含量进行规定与分析．结果表明，不同月龄的血清无机盐中除血清钙含量月龄间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）外，其他几种血清无机盐含量均差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）．即血清磷含量在２月龄时最高，以后随月龄增大呈下降趋势．血清钠、钾和氯的含量均在３月龄时最高．４月龄时显著降低（Ｐ＜０．００１），血清钠含量于６月龄有所回升、血清氯含量在６月龄时最低、而血清钾含量于４～６月龄稳定于同一水平．结果还表明，血清同一无机盐含量在相同月龄不同性别间无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）．测定香猪血清无机盐的含量变化，是香猪实验动物化的重要基础工作．     

利用~(32)P示踪技术研究土壤磷素活性剂对大豆吸收土壤和肥料磷素量的影响

应用 3 2 P示踪技术研究了土壤磷素活化剂在磷肥肥效方面的影响。结果表明 ,施用土壤磷素活化剂可增加土壤磷素和肥料磷素的供应强度 ,促进大豆对土壤磷素和磷肥磷素的吸收。     

Standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in various inorganic phosphates fed to growing pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in five sources of inorganic phosphate fed to growing pigs, including dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monodicalcium phosphate (MDCP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and monosodium phosphate (MSP, reagent grade). Six barrows (42.4 ± 1.1 kg) individually housed in metabolism crates were allotted to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six dietary treatments and six periods. Each experimental period consisted of a 4 day adaptation period and a 5 day collection period. The five experimental diets contained 0.24 to 0.34% of P from each inorganic phosphate as a sole source of P. A P‐free diet was also prepared to estimate the basal endogenous loss of P. The STTD of P in MSP (94.9%) was not different from the STTD of P in MCP (93.0%), but was greater (P < 0.05) than that in DCP, MDCP and TCP (87.0, 86.5 and 71.3%, respectively). In conclusion, digestibility of P in reagent‐grade MSP was greater than that in feed‐grade inorganic phosphates such as DCP, MDCP and TCP, and digestibility of P in DCP and MDCP was greater than that in the TCP.     

内蒙古西部沙漠颗粒物和黄河沉积物对磷的输运

黄河上游内蒙古西部沙漠的颗粒物作为磷"源"向黄河输送了大量的磷,乌兰布和沙漠每年向黄河输运约1.1万吨总磷,其中生物可利用磷约为492t。库布齐沙漠每年向黄河输送约为9200t总磷,其中生物可利用磷约为688t。黄河沉积物向海水中释放磷,黄河是海洋中磷元素的内源。研究了黄河沉积物对磷的吸附解吸的动力学和等温线,实验所得的等温线符合Langmuir方程,在自然粒度下黄河下游三个站位沉积物的EPC0值在0.005～0.08mg/L之间。     

Phosphorus fertiliser source and weed control effects on growth of three-year-old second-rotation Pinus radiata on Orthic Pumice soil in New Zealand

Little information is available on the interactive effects of soluble and less-soluble phosphorus (P) fertilisers and weed control on growth and P nutrition of second-rotation Pinus radiata plantations. A study was initiated on three-year-old second-rotation P. radiata and to determine the relationship between needle P concentrations and soil P forms in an Orthic Pumice soil two years after application. Four rates of P (0, 50, 100, and 200 kg P ha^?1) were applied as two forms of P fertiliser sources (triple superphosphate [TSP] and Ben-Guerir phosphate rock [BGPR]) in combination with weed control (weedy and weed-free). The results showed that the applied TSP and BGPR can increase tree needle P concentrations even when the needle P concentrations before fertiliser application were marginally higher than the critical P concentrations. The application of P fertilisers had no effect on tree growth during the two-year period of the trial, though it increased P. radiata needle P concentrations. However, the weed removal increased tree height, diameter at breast height, and basal area. In this plantation site the higher needle P concentrations than the critical P concentration suggests that the growth increase due to weed removal treatment was probably due to an increase in the availability of soil water and nutrients other than P. The needle P concentrations of P. radiata can be predicted by soil tests, Bray-2 P, Olsen P, resin-P_i, and NaOH-P_i tests. Of these soil tests, Bray-2 P seems to be the best test in predicting soil P availability to P. radiata. The P concentrations in the needles had a relationship with the NaOH-P_i fraction but had no relationship with the H₂SO₄-P_i fraction. These results suggest that P. radiata was probably taking up P mainly from the pool of P-adsorbed to allophane and Fe+Al oxides (NaOH-P_i) in this high P-fixing acidic soil.