利用T-RFLP技术在施用解磷菌剂土壤中 微生物群落多样性分析

为探讨解磷微生物菌肥对香蕉土壤根际微生态的影响,利用T-RFLP(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism)技术分析土壤均匀度指数、香农指数和优势种群等分析微生物多样性,研究高效解磷菌剂与化学磷肥的不同组合施用方式对香蕉植株的生长情况和根际土壤微生物物量和群落结构的影响。结果显示,与对照CK相比,T处理组香蕉苗较CK组生长健壮,地上部分鲜重平均值为42.2 cm,明显比CK高出35.2%。接M-3-01解磷细菌处理组T1、T3生长势最为显著(P0.05),其中,T3株高和茎围分别是CK的1.26、1.16倍。T-RFLP技术分析微生物多样性表明,T1、T3多样性指数和均匀度指数指标分别为2.12/2.11和0.93/0.88,与CCK差异性不明显,但略微高于CK。同时,分析土壤优势种群,处理组T1、T3处理组土壤优势微生物种群数分别为12和14,数目基本与处理前土壤CCK的一致,而T2略低于CK。拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis)和北里孢菌(Kitasatospora)只存在于CK和施用解磷菌剂T1、T3处理土壤中。土壤种植香蕉苗后,不同施用方式对土壤微生物群落丰富度和多样性的稳定具有积极影响。因此,施用高效解磷菌剂对维持土壤微生物群落丰富度和均匀度效果较好。     

水分管理联合磷酸盐施用对水稻土中镉转化的影响

为探究水分管理方式和磷酸盐对水稻土中Cd转化的影响,按磷(KH2PO4)与Cd的摩尔比为2∶1添加磷酸盐,在75%田间持水量、田间持水量、持续淹水和淹水回旱四个水分管理下,测定土壤p H值及Cd的Ca Cl2有效态含量,并采用重金属连续浸提法分析土壤中Cd的形态分布。结果表明:与对照相比,持续淹水和田间持水量处理分别使有效态Cd含量降低了37.3%和10.0%,75%田间持水量和淹水回旱处理有效态Cd含量增加了12.5%和9.5%;重金属形态分析表明,施用磷酸盐促进弱酸提取态Cd向可还原态和可氧化态转化;75%田间持水量处理中弱酸提取态Cd所占比例显著降低,更有利于Cd向稳定的形态转化,而淹水回旱处理中,弱酸提取态镉含量增加,增大了Cd浸出、迁移的风险;不同水分管理下土壤p H值随时间的变化趋势差异较大,75%田间持水量处理中土壤有效态Cd与p H值呈显著负相关关系(r=-0.861 8),而持续淹水与淹水回旱处理的淹水还原过程对Cd的有效性有较为复杂的影响。综上,水分管理与磷酸盐施用对有效态Cd的影响存在交互作用,在75%田间持水量时磷酸盐施用对镉的稳定效果较好,且水分管理是控制水稻土中Cd转化的主要影响因素。     

适宜超高压处理条件脱除大蒜臭味保持抗氧化和抑菌能力

为了提升大蒜头产品的品质,该研究将超高压技术应用于大蒜头产品处理中,探究了在200、300、400、500 MPa压力条件下处理10 min,大蒜风味物质,尤其是含硫挥发性化合物的变化,同时考察超高压对大蒜主要活性成分大蒜素含量、抗氧化和抑菌能力的影响.试验结果表明,超高压处理较于在95℃下60 s的蒸汽漂烫处理,不仅具有良好的杀菌作用,同时还可以去除大蒜中的刺激性风味,起到脱臭作用.大蒜经500 MPa处理后,主要蒜臭味嗅感物质二烯丙基二硫化物含量降低至30.69%,经过热处理的大蒜,二烯丙基二硫醚化合物则降低至54.68%,与超高压处理后的大蒜具有显著性差异(P<0.05).500 MPa处理后的大蒜中大蒜素浓度上升至0.079 mmol/L,高出热处理组具有显著性差异(P<0.05);铁离子还原能力较热处理组高出64.24%,具有显著性差异(P<0.05),1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼清除率高出热处理组28.68%,具有显著性差异(P<0.05);经热处理后的大蒜均丧失全部抑菌能力,而超高压处理后的大蒜对不同种的细菌仍具有一定的抑菌能力,对黑曲霉的抑菌能力与无处理组无显著差异.相关性分析结果显示,大蒜的抑菌能力与硫醚类化合物显著相关(r>0.884),与二烯丙基二硫醚、总酚含量未呈现显著相关,抗氧化能力未与硫醚类化合物含量、二烯丙基二硫醚、总酚呈显著相关趋势.研究结果为大蒜头产品的品质改良提供参考.     

Standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in various inorganic phosphates fed to growing pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in five sources of inorganic phosphate fed to growing pigs, including dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monodicalcium phosphate (MDCP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and monosodium phosphate (MSP, reagent grade). Six barrows (42.4 ± 1.1 kg) individually housed in metabolism crates were allotted to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six dietary treatments and six periods. Each experimental period consisted of a 4 day adaptation period and a 5 day collection period. The five experimental diets contained 0.24 to 0.34% of P from each inorganic phosphate as a sole source of P. A P‐free diet was also prepared to estimate the basal endogenous loss of P. The STTD of P in MSP (94.9%) was not different from the STTD of P in MCP (93.0%), but was greater (P < 0.05) than that in DCP, MDCP and TCP (87.0, 86.5 and 71.3%, respectively). In conclusion, digestibility of P in reagent‐grade MSP was greater than that in feed‐grade inorganic phosphates such as DCP, MDCP and TCP, and digestibility of P in DCP and MDCP was greater than that in the TCP.     

Combretastatin A4‐phosphate and its potential in veterinary oncology: a review

For many years, research on anticancer therapy has focussed almost exclusively on targeting cancer cells directly, to selectively kill them or restrict their growth. But limited advances in this strategy have led researchers to shift their attention to other potential targets. Active research is now on‐going on targeting tumour stroma. Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) appear a promising class of anticancer drugs that are currently under investigation as a sole or combined therapy in human cancer patients. This article will briefly touch on the history and biology of combretastatin A4‐phosphate (CA4P) as a typical example of VDAs and will concentrate on the side effects that can be expected when used in veterinary patients. Particularly, the pathogenesis of these side effects and how they may be prevented and/or treated will be discussed. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the potentials of CA4P as anticancer therapy in veterinary oncology patients.     

Long-Term Inorganic Fertilization Effect on the Micronutrient Density in Soil and Rice Grain Cultivated in a South Korean Paddy Field

Soil fertility exerts a direct influence on the essential micronutrient contents of food crops. The focus in this study was on the role that long-term inorganic fertilization (nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K)) plays in increasing the micronutrient output of the paddy cropping system. After more than 45 years of inorganic fertilizer application, the combined application of fertilizers (PK > NP > NK) substantially increased As (arsenic), B (boron), Cd (cadmium), Co (cobalt), Cr (chromium), Cu (copper), Fe (iron), Mn (manganese), Mo (molybdenum), Ni (nickel), Se (selenium), V (vanadium) and Zn (zinc) density in the soil and rice grain. Optimized and continuous application of PK fertilizers increased the overall micronutrient densities in rice milling fractions (grain and bran). Micronutrient concentrations were usually the highest in bran. Both grain and bran were rich in Fe, Mn and Zn. Correlation analysis indicated that soil pH and organic matter exert a significant and direct effect on the micronutrient concentration of rice. Although long-term fertilization enhanced the proportion of micronutrients in rice grain, the levels were still much lower than the recommended dietary intake levels for micronutrients. We therefore suggest high consumption levels of brown rice (with micronutrient-dense bran layer) because they may increase the daily intake level of micronutrients and meet the nutritional requirements that people need for sound health.     

Agronomic bio-fortification and quality enhancement in okra–pea cropping system through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at varying phosphorus and irrigation regimes in Himalayan acid alfisol

A field experimentation was conducted during 2009-2011 at CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India characterized with wet-temperate climate and acid Alfisol soil having medium available phosphorus content. The study aimed at bio-fortification and quality enhancement of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)–pea (Pisum sativum) cropping system through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus mosseae) at varying inorganic phosphorus (50, 75, and 100% soil-test-based recommended P dose) and irrigation regimes (40 and 80% available water capacity) in a Himalayan acid Alfisol. The results revealed that AMF and inorganic P significantly enhanced the concentrations and uptake of various primary [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)]; secondary [calcium (Ca)]; and micronutrients [iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo)] in okra and pea crops. However, effects of varying irrigation regimes were found to be nominal. In okra, AMF inoculation considerably enhanced N, P, K, B, and Mo uptake by 5, 19, 3, 4, and 15%, respectively, over their non-AMF counterparts. Likewise in pea, a higher amount of N (10%), P (26%), K (7%), Fe (7%), Cu (38%), Zn (20%), Mn (4%), B (7%), and Mo (13%) uptake was registered through AMF inoculation over their non-AMF counterparts. Application of soil-test-based P dose from 50% to 100% P also resulted in significant and consistent improvement in N, P, K, B, and Mo uptake both in okra and pea and in Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe uptake in pea crop. Magnitude of increase in Ca content was to the tune of 13 and 4%, respectively, in okra fruits and pea pods following AMF inoculation, whereas crude protein content enhanced by 4% each in both the crops. Overall, the current study demonstrates the important role of AMF in nutrient enrichment and quality enhancement of okra and pea crops in acid Alfisol, besides considerable reduction in investment on chemical fertilizers. Results of current study suggest that AMF use in Himalayan production systems is of tremendous significance to harvest nutritionally-rich farm produce for Himalayan communities suffering from malnutrition especially anemia and Zn deficiency, and equally to resource-poor Himalayan farmers who ill-afford expensive external inputs.     

Nutrient transformations in soil amended with rock phosphate enriched composts for improving productivity of wheat-green gram sequence

The present study focuses on the transformations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) in soil amended with rock phosphate (RP) enriched composts prepared using different crop residues under wheat-green gram sequence. Data emanated from the field study revealed that significant buildup in available pools of potassium permanganate (KMnO₄-N), Olsen-P, and calcium chloride (CaCl₂-S) as well as different fractions of N, P, and S were maintained higher under RP enriched composts treated plot than control. The total N, P, and S varied from 979 to 1776, 604 to 1165, and 273 to 464 kg ha^?1, respectively in different treatments. The yield of wheat and green gram was significantly correlated with different fractions of N, P, and S in soil. Results conclude that RP enriched compost could be an alternative and cost-effective option for mitigating the shortage of chemical fertilizers for crop production.     

干旱区土壤剖面无机碳分布及其与盐碱性的关系

土壤无机碳作为干旱区土壤碳库的主要存在形式,其数量分布影响着区域内土壤剖面碳聚积和存储的格局。以往由于缺乏深层土壤剖面数据,无法准确量化土壤剖面碳分布与碳存储特征,使得土壤无机碳的数量存在很大的不确定性。以三工河流域典型的农田和相邻荒地土壤作为研究对象,共6个剖面190个采样点,挖掘取样深度至潜层地下水位,分析了剖面土壤无机碳(SIC)和可溶性盐离子的分布特征,并且通过冗余分析探究无机碳与土壤盐碱性之间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)农田的SIC含量显著大于荒地的SIC含量(p0.05),相比于荒地,农田的SIC含量增加了27.9%,变化范围增大了3.66倍;荒地和农田的SIC含量在剖面上分别表现为"S"形和"M"形分布。(2)在整个剖面上,同层次的农田土壤中的可溶性离子含量显著小于荒地中的含量(p0.05),并且在剖面上分布荒地表现为增加—减少趋势,而农田为逐渐减小趋势,表明农业活动显著改变了可溶性离子的数量和分布特征。(3)所有剖面土壤无机碳储量为0—100cm土层100—300cm土层300cm以下土层(p0.05),虽然层次间其数值差异较大,但在相同层次,农田和荒地的土壤无机碳储量所占比例却基本相同,为10%,35%,55%(p0.05)。(4)通过冗余分析得到土壤盐碱性因素对SIC的贡献作用排序,正相关性,pHESPSARCO_3~(2-)HCO_3~-;负相关性,K~+Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)Cl~-盐分SO_4~(2-)Cl~-Na~+。     

氮肥管理对秸秆还田下土壤氮素供应和冬小麦生长的影响

通过田间试验研究了秸秆和氮肥管理对小麦生育期土壤无机氮、微生物量碳、氮和小麦生长的影响,设置秸秆还田不施氮(CK)、农民习惯施氮FN5∶5(5∶5为氮肥基追比,下同)、推荐施氮SN3∶7、SN5∶5、SN7∶3和秸秆移走推荐施氮N5∶5处理。施氮显著提高苗期土壤无机氮含量,其与基肥氮量成正比且在拔节期显著降低,拔节后追肥提高了后期无机氮且其与追肥量成正比。小麦生育前期土壤微生物没有增加对无机氮的固持,而在拔节和抽穗期显著增加,此后逐步降低。秸秆还田较秸秆移走增加了无机氮固持,且生育中期固持量远高于前期。氮肥基追比过高导致小麦前期氮奢侈吸收和旺长且影响后期生长,氮肥3∶7基追施能满足小麦养分供求同步并实现高产和提高氮肥利用效率。