Characterizing leaf gas exchange responses of cotton to full and limited irrigation conditions

Plant responses to water deficit need to be monitored for producing a profitable crop as water deficit is a major constraint on crop yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate physiological responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to various environmental conditions under limited water availability using commercially available varieties grown in South Texas. Soil moisture and variables of leaf gas exchange were measured to monitor water deficit for various varieties under different irrigation treatments. Lint yield and growth variables were also measured and correlations among growth parameters of interest were investigated. Significant differences were found in soil moisture, leaf net assimilation (A_n), stomatal conductance (g), transpiration rate (T_r), and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE_i) among irrigation treatments in 2006 while no significant differences were found in these parameters in 2007. Some leaf gas exchange parameters, e.g., T_r, and leaf temperature (T_L) have strong correlations with A_n and g. A_n and WUE were increased by 30–35% and 30–40%, respectively, at 600 μmol (CO₂) m⁻² s⁻¹ in comparison with 400 μmol (CO₂) m⁻² s⁻¹. Lint yield was strongly correlated with g, T_r, WUE, and soil moisture at 60 cm depth. Relative A_n, T_r, and T_L started to decrease from FTSW 0.3 at 60 cm and FTSW 0.2 at 40 cm. The results demonstrate that plant water status under limited irrigation management can be qualitatively monitored using the measures of soil moisture as well as leaf gas exchange, which in turn can be useful for describing yield reduction due to water deficit. We found that using normalized A_n, T_r, and T_L is feasible to quantify plant water deficit.     

共轨柴油机燃用生物柴油限制与非限制排放特性

在高压共轨柴油机上对生物柴油混合燃料(源自食用废油)的排放物进行了研究.结果表明,限制性气体排放中,随着生物柴油混合比例的增加,Nox的排放量明显升高,同时在氧化催化器后Nox中的NO2体积分数也逐步增大;烟度则随着燃料混合比例的增加呈线性下降.非限制性气体排放中,外特性工况下的生物柴油混合燃料的乙醛排放量随混合比的增加而降低;SO2气体排放量也随着燃料混合比例的增加逐步下降,纯生物柴油可降低20%～60%.生物柴油的颗粒粒径分布表明,生物柴油的核态纳米颗粒对混合燃料的硫含量非常敏感,由于纯生物柴油硫含量低,故可以有效降低颗粒的总数量浓度.     

低压地下与地表滴灌滴灌带水力性能对比试验

为研究低压条件下地下毛管的水力性能与灌水均匀度的变化规律,以新疆大田地下滴灌系统作为研究对象,支管入口压力在1.4~6.55 m之间,在支管的首部、中部和尾部分别对地下和地表毛管进行测试,比较流量、工作压力和总水头损失等参数间的关系。结果表明:1)可以通过压力与流量判断毛管工作是否正常。2)地下毛管在土壤基质势驱动滴头出流时,大于地表毛管流量,相对地表毛管流量增加0.12~0.9,并且增加比例随压力降低而增大。3)90%的正常地下毛管的工作压力要小于地表毛管,压力折减系数在(-10%,0)的概率是70%。4)用总水头损失、勃拉休斯公式及多口系数推求毛管考虑局部水头损失的加大系数,地表毛管平均值在1.32~5.94之间,地下毛管平均值在1.37~2.18之间,二者均随压力降低而增大;土壤基质势作用使地下毛管流量增大,导致地下毛管的加大系数比地表毛管小。5)地表管网的灌水均匀度随压力降低而降低;土壤基质势的作用提高了地下管网的均匀度,压力偏差率比地表管网低0.62%~3.44%,流量偏差率比地表管网低8.15%~22.4%。该研究可为低压地下滴灌系统的设计与管理提供科学依据。     

Effects of ketamine‐diazepam and ketamine‐acepromazine combinations on intraocular pressure in rabbits

ObjectiveTo determine the effects of ketamine-diazepam and ketamine-acepromazine combinations on intraocular pressure (IOP) in rabbits.Study designRandomized clinical trial.AnimalsSixteen adult New Zealand white rabbits approximately one year old, weighing 2.3 ± 0.2 kg were used in this study.MethodsThe animals were randomly divided into two groups of eight each (KA and KD). The pre-treatment IOPs were recorded in both groups (T0). All rabbits in group KA received intramuscular ketamine-acepromazine (ketamine 30 mg kg^?1+ acepromazine 0.5 mg kg^?1). Ketamine-diazepam (ketamine 30 mg kg^?1 + diazepam 1 mg kg^?1) was administered intramuscularly in members of group KD. The IOP values were measured at 5 (T₅), 15 (T₁₅), and 20 (T₂₀) minutes after drug administration in both treatment groups.ResultsSignificant increases in IOP values were observed in both treatment groups at T_5, T₁₅, and T₂₀ in comparison to the baseline values. In group KA the mean ± SD IOP at T_5, T₁₅, and T₂₀ were 37 ± 13 (p < 0.001), 35 ± 4 (p < 0.001) and 34 ± 4 mmHg (p < 0.001). The post-treatment mean ± sd values in group KD were 23 ± 8 (p = 0.002), 23 ± 5 (p < 0.001) and 23 ± 6 mmHg (p = 0.001) at 5, 15, and 20 minutes respectively.Conclusion and clinical relevanceBoth ketamine-diazepam and ketamine-acepromazine combinations increased IOP after intramuscular administration in rabbits.     

鱼类镁营养生理的研究进展

镁在动物生理中发挥重要的作用,是动物体内众多酶系的辅助因子和激活剂,也是骨骼和牙齿的重要组成部分。该文就鱼类对镁的需要量及镁与鱼类生长、离子代谢、免疫、抗应激以及渗透压调节等方面的研究进行综述。     

大口径球磨铸铁管道施工浅议

作者通过哈尔滨高科技开发区大口径球磨铸铁管道的施工,介绍了大口径球磨铸铁管道的施 工程序、要求及注意事项。     

Effect of orally administered hydrocortisone on intraocular pressure in nonglaucomatous dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of oral hydrocortisone on intraocular pressure (IOP) in ocular normotensive dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED: Seventeen ocular normotensive dogs. Procedures Dogs were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 9) and control (n = 8) groups. Dogs in the treatment group received hydrocortisone, 3.3 mg/kg PO every 8 h, and dogs in the control group received gelatin capsule placebo PO every 8 h for 5 weeks. Applanation tonometry was performed on both eyes of all dogs prior to treatment and then once weekly for 5 weeks during hydrocortisone treatment. RESULTS: No significant effect of treatment was noted for right (P = 0.1013) or left (P = 0.1157) eyes during the treatment period, nor was there significant interaction of treatment by week for the right (P = 0.9456) or left (P = 0.3577) eyes. A significant rise in IOP over the treatment period was noted in both right (P < 0.0001) and left (P = 0.0006) eyes of both groups, but was unrelated to treatment. CONCLUSION: Orally administered hydrocortisone does not significantly increase IOP in nonglaucomatous dogs when administered over a 5-week period.     

高压CO2处理保持非还原桃汁的品质

采用高压CO2（high pressure carbon dioxide,HPCD）处理非还原（not from concentrate,NFC）桃汁,分析HPCD处理后NFC桃汁pH值、可溶性固形物、色泽、酚类和抗氧化活性等品质特性的变化,讨论HPCD对NFC桃汁品质的影响。NFC桃汁的pH值和可溶性固形物含量分别为3.82和10.3°Brix,HPCD处理后没有显著变化;HPCD处理后NFC桃汁颜色变暗,色泽参数L、a、b值显著降低,对应的褐变度提高;NFC桃汁中的主要酚类物质有儿茶素、绿原酸、新绿原酸和阿魏酸,HPCD处理后酚类物质含量没有显著变化;采用FRAP和1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）清除率2种方法测定NFC桃汁的抗氧化活性,2种方法的测定结果都表明 HPCD 处理后 NFC 桃汁的抗氧化活性提高,并且随着处理时间的延长而逐渐提高。以上结果表明HPCD能较好的保持NFC桃汁的品质,为非热加工技术应用于果蔬加工提供理论基础。     

Beneficial effect of Embelia ribes ethanolic extract on blood pressure and glycosylated hemoglobin in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats

Embelia ribes (common name, Vidanga) is extensively used in traditional system of medicine for treatment of various disorders. It is described in Ayurveda, as a powerful anthelmintic, antifertility and antihyperlipidemic agent. The present study was undertaken to investigate modulatory effect of 6 weeks' chronic oral administration of E. ribes ethanolic extract on diabetes mellitus induced by a diabetogen, streptozotocin (STZ) with special reference to changes in glucose levels, glycated haemoglobin status and cardiac toxicity. STZ treatment (40 mg/kg iv) resulted in significant increase in blood glucose levels, glycated haemoglobin levels, heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Oral administration of E. ribes ethanolic extract in dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg significantly reduced the levels of blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin, heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in animals when compared with diabetic rats.     

热风管道加温下日光温室根区温度场的CFD模拟

为探明热风管道加温系统设计参数对根区温度分布均匀性的影响,以单个基质栽培槽为研究对象,采用计算流体力学（Computational fluid dynamics,CFD）方法构建日光温室热风管道根区加温系统模型,探究不同进风口温度、进风口风速及送风管开孔数量下根区温度分布规律,设计正交试验并对每组试验进行数值模拟,确定各参数对根区温度分布均匀性的影响。结果表明：根区温度实测值与模拟值的平均相对误差为0.89%,均方根误差为0.02,模型可靠;随着进风口温度、风速和开孔数量的增大,根区温度不均匀度和最高温度有较为明显的增加,平均温度和最低温度无显著变化;各参数影响根区温度分布均匀性主次顺序为开孔数量>进风口温度>进风口风速。当进风口温度为20℃,进风口速度为7.5m/s,开孔数量为20时根区温度均匀性最好。