超高压技术在五味子饮料加工中的应用

为避免五味子饮料生产工艺中热对营养成分的破坏,促进超高压技术在饮料行业中的应用,该文提出应用超高压技术制备五味子饮料的新工艺,即原料有效成分的提取和饮料灭菌均采用超高压技术。应用均匀设计方法求得最优提取工艺,并在此基础上提出改进的实用工艺参数：压力为350 MPa、溶剂为60%乙醇、固液比为1∶50(w/v)。饮料超高压灭菌条件：压力为400 MPa、保压时间为5 min。超高压提取五味子总木脂素的得率为2.99%;经超高压灭菌的饮料符合GB2759-81规定。应用超高压技术制备五味子饮料不仅确保了质量,同时还提高了生产效率,减少了设备投资。     

三种扇贝种间血液生理指标比较及热胁迫对栉孔扇贝血液生理指标的影响

为了比较3种扇贝血液中的K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Cl^-浓度,血氧(pO₂)和血二氧化碳(pCO₂)气体分压及血液酸碱度(pH)的差异情况,实验利用血气分析仪对栉孔扇贝、虾夷扇贝和海湾扇贝的血液生理指标进行测定。结果显示,扇贝的血液生理指标呈现显著的物种差异,其中栉孔扇贝血液的K+浓度[(15.74±1.47) mmol/L]、Na+浓度[(388.07±11.38)mmol/L]、Cl-浓度[(462.43±6.88) mmol/L]和p O2[(140.13±15.35) mmHg]最高。此外,栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝的Ca²⁺浓度和pCO₂含量较高,而海湾扇贝的pH最高。对相同月龄不同大小栉孔扇贝血液指标进行比较,发现栉孔扇贝的血液pH值与其壳高呈正相关(r=0.611),而生理指标与壳高呈负相关。随着温度的升高,栉孔扇贝血液的Ca²⁺浓度显著增加,而pO₂显著下降,K<...     

栉孔扇贝夏季大规模死亡的神经网络预测模型

为了比较3种扇贝血液中的K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Cl⁻浓度,血氧(pO₂)和血二氧化碳(pCO₂)气体分压及血液酸碱度（pH）的差异情况,实验利用血气分析仪对栉孔扇贝、虾夷扇贝和海湾扇贝的血液生理指标进行测定。结果显示,扇贝的血液生理指标呈现显著的物种差异,其中栉孔扇贝血液的K⁺浓度[(15.74±1.47) mmol/L]、Na⁺浓度[(388.07±11.38) mmol/L]、Cl⁻浓度[(462.43±6.88) mmol/L]和pO₂ [(140.13±15.35) mmHg]最高。此外,栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝的Ca²⁺浓度和pCO₂含量较高,而海湾扇贝的pH最高。对相同月龄不同大小栉孔扇贝血液指标进行比较,发现栉孔扇贝的血液pH值与其壳高呈正相关(r=0.611),而生理指标与壳高呈负相关。随着温度的升高,栉孔扇贝血液的Ca²⁺浓度显著增加,而pO₂显著下降,K⁺、Na⁺和Cl⁻浓度先升高后恢复到初始水平,而pH和pCO₂保持相对稳定。研究结果为贝类血液生理研究提供参考,也为贝类生理状态的评估提供了一种新的思路与方法。     

动态高压微射流协同谷氨酰胺转氨酶复合修饰对鱼明胶凝胶特性和结构的影响

为了提高鱼明胶的凝胶特性,本试验采用动态高压微射流(DHPM)协同谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TG)交联(DHPM-TG)技术对鱼明胶进行复合修饰。结果表明,鱼明胶的亮度、特性粘度和胶融温度均随着TG含量的增加而增大,凝胶强度和硬度先增大后减小。与TG修饰技术相比,DHPM-TG复合修饰技术可显著提高鱼明胶的特性粘度、胶融温度、凝胶强度以及胶体的硬度和咀嚼性。此外,环境扫描电镜结果表明,DHPM-TG制备的鱼明胶胶体结构更加致密。综上,DHPM-TG复合修饰显著改善了鱼明胶的凝胶特性,为生产可替代哺乳动物明胶的高品质鱼明胶提供了新的理论依据。     

Residential movements of top predators in Chile’s most isolated marine protected area: Implications for the conservation of the Galapagos shark,Carcharhinus galapagensis,and the yellowtail amberjack,Seriola lalandi

1. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are becoming a widely used tool for the conservation of biodiversity and for fishery management; however, most of these areas are designed without prior knowledge of the basic ecological aspects of the species that they are trying to protect.
2. This study investigated the movement of two top predators: the Galapagos shark, Carcharhinus galapagensis, and the yellowtail amberjack, Seriola lalandi, in and around the Motu Motiro Hiva Marine Park (MMHMP) using MiniPAT satellite tags to determine the effectiveness of this MPA for the protection of these species.
3. The Galapagos sharks (n = 4) spent most of their tag deployment periods inside the MMHMP. However, high intraspecific variability was observed in their movement dynamics. Daily individual maximum movements ranged from 17 to 58 km and the maximum distance from Salas y Gómez Island, the only emergent island within the MMHMP, ranged from 31 to 139 km.
4. The maximum linear distance travelled for a female juvenile Galapagos shark (152 cm total length) was 236 km, which is greater than the maximum distance previously documented for juveniles of this species (<50 km).
5. For the yellowtail amberjack (n = 1), 91% of the satellite geolocations were within the MMHMP, with a maximum daily distance travelled of 6 km. The maximum distance travelled between points was 111 km and the maximum distance from Salas y Gómez Island was 62 km.
6. All archival tagged fish spent most of their time at depths of <50 m and never left the epipelagic zone. Daytime versus night-time differences were pronounced in all individuals but showed high interindividual variability.
7. This study provides a baseline on the movement of these two top predators in the MMHMP and provides valuable insights for the creation of MPAs in the region and elsewhere.

     

Predicting non‐native fish dispersal under conditions of climate change: case study in England of dispersal and establishment of pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus in a floodplain pond

Predictions of future climate change include shifts in patterns of precipitation, evapotranspiration and water run‐off, resulting in increased periods of drought as well as variability and intensity of rainfall events. In the United Kingdom, the non‐native North American sunfish, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (L.), is expected to benefit from these changes. We examine how hydrological variability induced by predicted changes in climate will affect the dispersal and spread of pumpkinseed in England by: (i) determining the relationship between discharge regime and pumpkinseed propagule pressure; (ii) examining a newly‐established pumpkinseed population following a flood event in 2007; and (iii) comparing the growth and life‐history traits of this new population with fish collected from the source population to demonstrate how the pumpkinseed's life‐history plasticity contributes to its success as a coloniser. Using Bayesian modelling, we determined that the number of pumpkinseed escapees is likely to increase with increasing discharge. The newly‐established pumpkinseed population showed fast juvenile growth, early age at maturity and small size at maturity. These traits differed significantly from the source population, specifically total length (TL) means at ages 1 and 2 were significantly greater in the new population, whereas TL at age 4 was significantly greater in the source population, and a significantly higher proportion of mature females were found at smaller size classes in the newly established pumpkinseed population. This study demonstrates the potential link between hydrological variability (current and future) and the dispersal of non‐native pumpkinseed, leading to the establishment of new populations.     

鲤、团头鲂精子生理生态特性的研究──Ⅲ．单糖和渗透压对精子活力的影响

作者观察了鲤、团头鲂精子在０（去离子水）－３００毫渗渗透压的Ｄ－半乳糖，Ｄ－葡萄糖和Ｄ－果糖溶液中的活动情况。结果表明，在这三种单糖溶液里，鲤、团头鲂精子活动的变化规律是一致的。精子快速运动和寿命的时间是以在Ｄ－半乳糖溶液中为最长。这两种鱼精子对这三种单糖的吸收、利用存在差别。     

土石坝坝体溢洪道底板动水压力的计算与修正

通过对已有溢流混凝土面板堆石坝模型试验成果的分析,发现当泄槽设置多道掺气挑坎时,由于掺气挑坎对水流的扰动影响,使得泄槽底板上的动水压强分布极不规则,作用于泄槽底板上动水压力的模型试验实测值与计算值相差较大,并随底板在泄槽中所处的位置而变化;根据模型试验实测值与计算值的对比,提出了计算底板动水压力时的修正建议。     

T形三通管计算模型对尾水进口压力和调压室涌浪的影响

针对含尾水调压室的抽水蓄能电站,以特征线法和瞬变流理论为理论基础,在考虑尾水调压室长连接管水体惯性作用及管壁弹性的基础上,在T形三通管节点处分别建立了基于恒定局部水头损失系数、Gardel公式、试验资料的3种计算模型.结合工程实例,应用T形三通管节点处的3种计算模型对水电站的过渡过程进行了数值模拟;采用Gardel公式和试验资料,计算了过渡过程中不同时刻点的局部水头损失系数,研究了不同计算模型对尾水进口压力水头和涌浪水位的影响.结果表明:基于恒定局部水头损失系数的计算模型其阻抗作用最小,对应的尾水进口最小压力和最高涌浪最大;基于试验资料的计算模型其阻抗作用最大,对应的尾水进口最小压力和最高涌浪最小;基于Gardel公式的计算模型次之.     

Assessing the influence of mechanical ventilation on blood gases and blood pressure in rattlesnakes

ObjectiveTo characterize the impact of mechanical positive pressure ventilation on heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure, blood gases, lactate, glucose, sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations in rattlesnakes during anesthesia and the subsequent recovery period.Study designProspective, randomized trial.AnimalsTwenty one fasted adult South American rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus terrificus).MethodsSnakes were anesthetized with propofol (15 mg kg⁻¹) intravenously, endotracheally intubated and assigned to one of four ventilation regimens: Spontaneous ventilation, or mechanical ventilation at a tidal volume of 30 mL kg⁻¹ at 1 breath every 90 seconds, 5 breaths minute⁻¹, or 15 breaths minute⁻¹. Arterial blood was collected from indwelling catheters at 30, 40, and 60 minutes and 2, 6, and 24 hours following induction of anesthesia and analyzed for pH, PaO₂, PaCO₂, and selected variables. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and HR were recorded at 30, 40, 60 minutes and 24 hours.ResultsSpontaneous ventilation and 1 breath every 90 seconds resulted in a mild hypercapnia (PaCO₂ 22.4 ± 4.3 mmHg [3.0 ± 0.6 kPa] and 24.5 ± 1.6 mmHg [3.3 ± 0.2 kPa], respectively), 5 breaths minute⁻¹ resulted in normocapnia (14.2 ± 2.7 mmHg [1.9 ± 0.4 kPa]), while 15 breaths minute⁻¹ caused marked hypocapnia (8.2 ± 2.5 mmHg [1.1 ± 0.3 kPa]). Following recovery, blood gases of the four groups were similar from 2 hours. Anesthesia, independent of ventilation was associated with significantly elevated glucose, lactate and potassium concentrations compared to values at 24 hours (p < 0.0001). MAP increased significantly with increasing ventilation frequency (p < 0.001). HR did not vary among regimens.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMechanical ventilation had a profound impact on blood gases and blood pressure. The results support the use of mechanical ventilation with a frequency of 1–2 breaths minute⁻¹ at a tidal volume of 30 mL kg⁻¹ during anesthesia in fasted snakes.